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Dolly (sheep)
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Dolly's remains are exhibited at the [Connect Gallery National Museum of Scotland].
Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a femaledomestic sheep who was the firstmammal to becloned from an adultsomaticcell, using the process ofnuclear transfer.[1][2] She was cloned byIan Wilmut,Keith Campbell and colleagues at theRoslin Institute nearEdinburgh inScotland. She was born on 5 July 1996 and she lived until the age of six.[3] She has been called "the world's most famous sheep" by sources includingBBC News andScientific American.[4][5]
The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from amammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. As Dolly was cloned from part of a mammary gland, she was named after the famously curvaceous country western singerDolly Parton.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Birth
2 Life
3 Death
4 Legacy
5 References
6 External links
[edit] Birth
Thecloning process that produced Dolly.
This used the technique ofsomatic cell nuclear transfer, where thecell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilisedoocyte (developing egg cell) that has had itsnucleus removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into ablastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother.
In the previous year, the same team had produced cloned sheep from the embryonic cells,[8] but this was not seen as a breakthrough since adult cloned animals had been produced from embryonic tissue as long ago as 1958, using cells from the frogXenopus laevis.[9]
Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal. However, the South African frog (Xenopus laevis) was cloned from an adult intestinal cell in 1962 byJohn Gurdon and the Asian carp was cloned in 1963 byTong Dizhou).[10] The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a maturedifferentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting back to an embryonictotipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.[11] However, this reprogramming process is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development.[12][13]
As a consequence of these difficulties in development, cloning mammals by nuclear transfer is still highly inefficient, with Dolly the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts. However, her birth is still recognised as one of the major stepping stones in the development of modern biology.[2] Wilmut, who led the team that created Dolly, announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans.[14]
[edit] Life
Dolly lived for her entire life at the Roslin Institute. There she was bred with aWelsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total. Her first lamb called Bonnie, was born in April 1998.[3] The next year Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie, and she gave birth to triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in the year after that.[15] In the autumn of 2001, at the age of five, Dolly developedarthritis and began to walk stiffly, but this was successfully treated withanti-inflammatory drugs.[16]
[edit] Death
On 14 February 2003, Dolly waseuthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis.[17] AFinn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly lived to be only six years of age. A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer calledJaagsiekte,[18] which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by theretrovirusJSRV.[19] Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease.[17] Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons.
Some have speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years, the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned.[20] One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly'stelomeres were short, which typically is a result of theageing process.[21][22] The Roslin Institute have stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced ageing.[20]
[edit] Legacy
After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals have been cloned, includinghorses andbulls.[23] The attempt to cloneargali sheep did not produce viable embryos. The attempt to clone abanteng bull was more successful, as were the attempts to clonemouflon (a form of wild sheep), both resulting in viable offspring.[24]
Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species and important in the future production oftransgenic livestock,[25][26] cloning does not directly alleviate the problems of loss ofgenetic diversity (except insofar as it allows individual germ lines that would otherwise become extinct to be preserved) and loss ofhabitat, and so must be considered an experimental and expensive technique for the time being, compared to conventional techniques such ascaptive breeding orembryo transfer.[27]
Cloning may become a viable tool for revivingextinct species. In January 2009, scientists from theCentre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, inZaragoza, northernSpain announced the cloning of thePyrenean ibex, a form of wild mountain goat, which was officially declared extinct in 2000. UsingDNA from skin samples kept inliquid nitrogen the scientists managed to clone the Ibex from domestic goat egg-cells. The newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs. However, it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned, and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue.[28] It has also renewed interest in the possibility that in the future it will be possible to reproduce long-dead species such aswoolly mammoths and evendinosaurs.
[edit] References
^ McLaren A (2000). "Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future". Science 288 (5472): 1775–80.doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1775.PMID 10877698.
^ab Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KH (1997). "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells". Nature 385 (6619): 810–3.doi:10.1038/385810a0.PMID 9039911.
^ab"Dolly the sheep clone dies young", BBC News, Friday, 14 February 2003
^"Is Dolly old before her time?".BBC News (London). 27 May 1999.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353617.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ Lehrman, Sally (July 2008)."No More Cloning Around".Scientific American.http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
^ Weise, Elizabeth (4 July 2006)."Dolly was world's hello to cloning's possibilities". usatoday.http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/genetics/2006-07-04-dolly-anniversary_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell, and Colin TudgeThe Second Creation: Dolly and the Age of Biological Control Genome News Network 22 September 2000
^ Campbell KH, McWhir J , Ritchie WA, Wilmut I (1996). "Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line". Nature 380 (6569): 64–6.doi:10.1038/380064a0.PMID 8598906.
^ Gurdon JB, Elsdale TR, Fischberg M (1958). "Sexually Mature Individuals of Xenopus laevis from the Transplantation of Single Somatic Nuclei". Nature 182 (4627): 64–5.doi:10.1038/182064a0.PMID 13566187.
^ Liao L, Li L, Zhao RC (June 2007)."Stem cell research in China". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 362 (1482): 1107–12.doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2037.PMID 17341453.
^ Niemann H, Tian XC, King WA, Lee RS (February 2008). "Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning". Reproduction 135 (2): 151–63.doi:10.1530/REP-07-0397.PMID 18239046.
^ Jaenisch R, Hochedlinger K, Eggan K (2005). "Nuclear cloning, epigenetic reprogramming and cellular differentiation". Novartis Found. Symp. 265: 107–18; discussion 118–28.doi:10.1002/0470091452.ch9.PMID 16050253.
^ Rideout WM, Eggan K, Jaenisch R (August 2001). "Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome". Science (journal) 293 (5532): 1093–8.doi:10.1126/science.1063206.PMID 11498580.
^ Roger HighfieldDolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning Daily Telegraph 16/11/2007
^Dolly's family Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008Cached version
^Dolly's arthritis Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008Cached version
^abDolly's final illness Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008Cached version
^ Bridget M. KuehnGoodbye, Dolly; first cloned sheep dies at six years old American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 April 2003
^ Palmarini M (2007)."A veterinary twist on pathogen biology". PLoS Pathog. 3 (2): e12.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030012.PMID 17319740.PMC 1803002.http://pathogens.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030012.
^abWas Dolly already 'old' at birth? Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008Cached version
^ Shiels PG, Kind AJ, Campbell KH, et al (1999)."Analysis of telomere length in Dolly, a sheep derived by nuclear transfer". Cloning 1 (2): 119–25.doi:10.1089/15204559950020003.PMID 16218837.http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/15204559950020003.
^ Shiels PG, Kind AJ, Campbell KH, et al (1999). "Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep". Nature 399 (6734): 316–7.doi:10.1038/20577.PMID 10360570.
^ Lozano, Juan A. (27 June 2005)."A&M Cloning project raises questions still". Bryan-College Station Eagle.http://www.theeagle.com/stories/062705/am_20050627004.php. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
^"Endangered sheep cloned". BBC News (London). 1 October 2001.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
^"Texas A&M scientists clone world’s first deer". Innovations Report. 2003-12-23.http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-24409.html. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
^ Trounson AO (2006)."Future and applications of cloning". Methods Mol. Biol. 348: 319–32.doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-154-3_22.PMID 16988390.http://biomed.humanapress.com/ChapterDetail.pasp?medline=1-59745-154-1:319.
^Ehrenfeld, David (2006). "Transgenics and Vertebrate Cloning as Tools for Species Conservation". Conservation Biology 20 (3): 723–732.doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00399.x.PMID 16909565.
^ Gray, Richard; Dobson, Roger (31 January 2009)."Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning". The Telegraph (London).http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
[edit] External links
Dolly the Sheep, 1996-2003 from the Science Museum, London
Cloning - A life of Dolly from the Roslin Institute
Dolly the Sheep at the National Museum of Scotland
Animal cloning & Dolly
Image library Photos of Dolly and other cloned animals at the Roslin Institute
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)"
Categories:1996 animal births |2003 animal deaths |1996 in Scotland |Cloned animals |Cloning |Collections of the National Museums of Scotland |Famous sheep |History of Midlothian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to:navigation,search
Dolly's remains are exhibited at the [Connect Gallery National Museum of Scotland].
Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a femaledomestic sheep who was the firstmammal to becloned from an adultsomaticcell, using the process ofnuclear transfer.[1][2] She was cloned byIan Wilmut,Keith Campbell and colleagues at theRoslin Institute nearEdinburgh inScotland. She was born on 5 July 1996 and she lived until the age of six.[3] She has been called "the world's most famous sheep" by sources includingBBC News andScientific American.[4][5]
The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from amammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. As Dolly was cloned from part of a mammary gland, she was named after the famously curvaceous country western singerDolly Parton.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Birth
2 Life
3 Death
4 Legacy
5 References
6 External links
[edit] Birth
Thecloning process that produced Dolly.
This used the technique ofsomatic cell nuclear transfer, where thecell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilisedoocyte (developing egg cell) that has had itsnucleus removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into ablastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother.
In the previous year, the same team had produced cloned sheep from the embryonic cells,[8] but this was not seen as a breakthrough since adult cloned animals had been produced from embryonic tissue as long ago as 1958, using cells from the frogXenopus laevis.[9]
Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal. However, the South African frog (Xenopus laevis) was cloned from an adult intestinal cell in 1962 byJohn Gurdon and the Asian carp was cloned in 1963 byTong Dizhou).[10] The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a maturedifferentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting back to an embryonictotipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.[11] However, this reprogramming process is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development.[12][13]
As a consequence of these difficulties in development, cloning mammals by nuclear transfer is still highly inefficient, with Dolly the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts. However, her birth is still recognised as one of the major stepping stones in the development of modern biology.[2] Wilmut, who led the team that created Dolly, announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans.[14]
[edit] Life
Dolly lived for her entire life at the Roslin Institute. There she was bred with aWelsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total. Her first lamb called Bonnie, was born in April 1998.[3] The next year Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie, and she gave birth to triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in the year after that.[15] In the autumn of 2001, at the age of five, Dolly developedarthritis and began to walk stiffly, but this was successfully treated withanti-inflammatory drugs.[16]
[edit] Death
On 14 February 2003, Dolly waseuthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis.[17] AFinn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly lived to be only six years of age. A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer calledJaagsiekte,[18] which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by theretrovirusJSRV.[19] Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease.[17] Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons.
Some have speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years, the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned.[20] One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly'stelomeres were short, which typically is a result of theageing process.[21][22] The Roslin Institute have stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced ageing.[20]
[edit] Legacy
After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals have been cloned, includinghorses andbulls.[23] The attempt to cloneargali sheep did not produce viable embryos. The attempt to clone abanteng bull was more successful, as were the attempts to clonemouflon (a form of wild sheep), both resulting in viable offspring.[24]
Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species and important in the future production oftransgenic livestock,[25][26] cloning does not directly alleviate the problems of loss ofgenetic diversity (except insofar as it allows individual germ lines that would otherwise become extinct to be preserved) and loss ofhabitat, and so must be considered an experimental and expensive technique for the time being, compared to conventional techniques such ascaptive breeding orembryo transfer.[27]
Cloning may become a viable tool for revivingextinct species. In January 2009, scientists from theCentre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, inZaragoza, northernSpain announced the cloning of thePyrenean ibex, a form of wild mountain goat, which was officially declared extinct in 2000. UsingDNA from skin samples kept inliquid nitrogen the scientists managed to clone the Ibex from domestic goat egg-cells. The newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs. However, it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned, and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue.[28] It has also renewed interest in the possibility that in the future it will be possible to reproduce long-dead species such aswoolly mammoths and evendinosaurs.
[edit] References
^ McLaren A (2000). "Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future". Science 288 (5472): 1775–80.doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1775.PMID 10877698.
^ab Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KH (1997). "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells". Nature 385 (6619): 810–3.doi:10.1038/385810a0.PMID 9039911.
^ab"Dolly the sheep clone dies young", BBC News, Friday, 14 February 2003
^"Is Dolly old before her time?".BBC News (London). 27 May 1999.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353617.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ Lehrman, Sally (July 2008)."No More Cloning Around".Scientific American.http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
^ Weise, Elizabeth (4 July 2006)."Dolly was world's hello to cloning's possibilities". usatoday.http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/genetics/2006-07-04-dolly-anniversary_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell, and Colin TudgeThe Second Creation: Dolly and the Age of Biological Control Genome News Network 22 September 2000
^ Campbell KH, McWhir J , Ritchie WA, Wilmut I (1996). "Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line". Nature 380 (6569): 64–6.doi:10.1038/380064a0.PMID 8598906.
^ Gurdon JB, Elsdale TR, Fischberg M (1958). "Sexually Mature Individuals of Xenopus laevis from the Transplantation of Single Somatic Nuclei". Nature 182 (4627): 64–5.doi:10.1038/182064a0.PMID 13566187.
^ Liao L, Li L, Zhao RC (June 2007)."Stem cell research in China". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 362 (1482): 1107–12.doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2037.PMID 17341453.
^ Niemann H, Tian XC, King WA, Lee RS (February 2008). "Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning". Reproduction 135 (2): 151–63.doi:10.1530/REP-07-0397.PMID 18239046.
^ Jaenisch R, Hochedlinger K, Eggan K (2005). "Nuclear cloning, epigenetic reprogramming and cellular differentiation". Novartis Found. Symp. 265: 107–18; discussion 118–28.doi:10.1002/0470091452.ch9.PMID 16050253.
^ Rideout WM, Eggan K, Jaenisch R (August 2001). "Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome". Science (journal) 293 (5532): 1093–8.doi:10.1126/science.1063206.PMID 11498580.
^ Roger HighfieldDolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning Daily Telegraph 16/11/2007
^Dolly's family Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008Cached version
^Dolly's arthritis Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008Cached version
^abDolly's final illness Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008Cached version
^ Bridget M. KuehnGoodbye, Dolly; first cloned sheep dies at six years old American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 April 2003
^ Palmarini M (2007)."A veterinary twist on pathogen biology". PLoS Pathog. 3 (2): e12.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030012.PMID 17319740.PMC 1803002.http://pathogens.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030012.
^abWas Dolly already 'old' at birth? Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008Cached version
^ Shiels PG, Kind AJ, Campbell KH, et al (1999)."Analysis of telomere length in Dolly, a sheep derived by nuclear transfer". Cloning 1 (2): 119–25.doi:10.1089/15204559950020003.PMID 16218837.http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/15204559950020003.
^ Shiels PG, Kind AJ, Campbell KH, et al (1999). "Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep". Nature 399 (6734): 316–7.doi:10.1038/20577.PMID 10360570.
^ Lozano, Juan A. (27 June 2005)."A&M Cloning project raises questions still". Bryan-College Station Eagle.http://www.theeagle.com/stories/062705/am_20050627004.php. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
^"Endangered sheep cloned". BBC News (London). 1 October 2001.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
^"Texas A&M scientists clone world’s first deer". Innovations Report. 2003-12-23.http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-24409.html. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
^ Trounson AO (2006)."Future and applications of cloning". Methods Mol. Biol. 348: 319–32.doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-154-3_22.PMID 16988390.http://biomed.humanapress.com/ChapterDetail.pasp?medline=1-59745-154-1:319.
^Ehrenfeld, David (2006). "Transgenics and Vertebrate Cloning as Tools for Species Conservation". Conservation Biology 20 (3): 723–732.doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00399.x.PMID 16909565.
^ Gray, Richard; Dobson, Roger (31 January 2009)."Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning". The Telegraph (London).http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
[edit] External links
Dolly the Sheep, 1996-2003 from the Science Museum, London
Cloning - A life of Dolly from the Roslin Institute
Dolly the Sheep at the National Museum of Scotland
Animal cloning & Dolly
Image library Photos of Dolly and other cloned animals at the Roslin Institute
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)"
Categories:1996 animal births |2003 animal deaths |1996 in Scotland |Cloned animals |Cloning |Collections of the National Museums of Scotland |Famous sheep |History of Midlothian
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