对教育技术发展起重要影响的名家介绍_01--爱琴海

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1. 夸美纽斯(J. A. Comenius)——近代教育教学理论的奠基人之一
夸美纽斯(1592~1670)——捷克著名教育家,欧洲近代教育理论的探索者。生于磨坊主家庭。10岁时 父母双亡。22岁起就担任一所文法学校的校长、后又曾任“捷克兄弟会”(捷克的一个 民主教派.其成员多为贫苦农民、手工业者 和小商人。)的牧师和主教。他于1632年发表的《大教学论》被称为世界教育史上第一部系统的教育学理论巨著。该书对有关教育 的许多方面进行了系统的理论阐述。由于受到宗教世界观的影响,他对教育目的的看法是矛盾的,一方面他认为教育的目的是使人为来世生活做好准备,另一方面他又认为教育要使人认识和研究世界上的一切事物,培养他们的各种能力、德行和信仰,使他们能享受现世的幸福。他高度评价教育的作用,认为教育不仅是改造社会、建设国家的手段,而且也是发展人的天赋、智力和完善自 身的必经之路。在教育的实施方面,他认为必须坚持教育要适应自然的总原则,同时,他还对教育过程中所要提倡的直观性原则、 学生学习的主动性自觉性原则、教育的系统性和循序渐进性原则、巩固性原则和量力性原则等都做了较全面的论证。在教育管理方 面他的突出贡献在于:他提出了统一学制的建议,把人认出生到24岁分为四个阶段(即婴儿期、儿童期、少年期和青年期,每期为 6年),并提出每个时期所应受的教育及所应上的学校,即母有学校(家教)、国语学校、拉丁学校和大学。他还为每种学校规定了广泛的教育内容。与此同时,他还第一个提出了学年制的主张,要求学校按学年进行招生和学生升级工作,各个学校同时开学,同时放假。他要求学校工作要有计划,每月、每日、每时都要有指定的工作,并且应按时完成这些计划。他还要求实行班级授课制,这对教育发展也是有着深远影响的。他一生著述很多,除了上面提到的以外,还有许多理论著作和教材等,其中主要有:《母育学校》、《泛智的先声》、《论天赋才能的创造》、《组织良好的学校的准则》、《世界图解》等。
Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1670)
Johann Amos Comenius, or Jan Amos Komensky, was born in March 28th , 1592 in Nivnice (Southeastm?hren/ Czech Republic). His father’s dead was in 1602 and his mother’s in the following year. That’s why he moved to his aunt in Stráznice in 1603 and before he went to the latin school in Prerau in 1608, which was finished in 1611. From 1611 till 1614 he studied at the universities of Herborn and Heidelberg. As teacher and principal, he taught and led his “own” latin school from 1614 till 1618. In 1616 he became priest and did his work from 1618 till 1621 as preacher and teacher in Fulnek. Cause of the Thirty Year War, which began in 1618, he had to change his places from 1621 till 1628, where he stood. A new country decree for M?hren was the reason, why he moved in 1628 to Lissa in Poland, where he stayed until 1641. Comenius was also from 1641 till 1642 in London and the Netherlands. From 1642 till 1648 he worked for Sweden and helped for the education reforms, but when he was elected bishop of the university, in the same year, and when the Thirty Year War was finished, he returned to Lissa in 1648. In the following two periods of ten years the Czech theologian and pedagogical reformer had to move very often. In 1650 he left Lissa to Sárospatak for four years and then came for two years to Lissa back. When Lissa was burned in 1656 he was escaping for 14 years to Amsterdam, where he had a quarrel with another theologian in 1669. Finally he died in Amsterdam in November 15th, 1670. Jan Amos Komensky was buried in Naarden, not far from Amsterdam. He supported the Christian education and the reforms of the school (pictures, not the teach of books), especially in the language instruction. He is best known for his contribution about teaching. A century before the Enlightenment, Johann Amos Comenius was a theologian, philosopher and pedagogue who believed that only through education could man achieve his full potential and lead a truly harmonious life. He was one of the founding fathers of modern education, and also a cosmopolitan and universalist who strove incessantly for human rights, peace between the nations, social peace and the unity of mankind. The choice of the name COMENIUS for this part of the SOCRATES programme is a reminder of Europe‘s rich educational heritage.
2.斯金纳(B. F. Skinner)——行为主义心理学家
斯金纳(1904-1990)—— 行为主义学派最负盛名的代表人物,也是世界心理学史上最为著名的心理学家之一,被美国心理学界评为20世纪心理学家中的第一人。直到今天,他的思想在心理学研究、教育和心理治疗中仍然被广为应用。
1904年,斯金纳生于宾夕法尼亚州的一个小镇上,父亲是当地的律师,他从小就爱制作各种小玩艺,成为行为主义心理学家后,又发明并改造了很多动物实验的装置。在中学和大学期间,他曾立志当一名作家,并曾获得希腊文特别奖,他曾经试图进行文学创作,但很快,他就发现无论是自己还是其他作家对人的行为的理解都少得可怜,为了更深入的理解人的行为,他转向了心理学。
在哈佛大学攻读心理学硕士的时候,他受到了行为主义心理学的吸引,成为了一名彻头彻尾的行为主义者,从此开始了他一生的心理学家生涯。他在华生等人的基础上向前迈进了一大步,提出了有别于巴甫洛夫的条件反射的另一种条件反射行为,并将二者做了区分,在此基础上提出了自己的行为主义理论――操作性条件反射理论。他长期致力于研究鸽子和老鼠的操作性条件反射行为,提出了“及时强化”的概念以及强化的时间规律,形成了自己的一套理论。
斯金纳还将操作性条件反射理论应用于对人的研究,他认为,人是没有尊严和自由的,人们做出某种行为,不做出某种行为,只取决于一个影响因素,那就是行为的后果。人并不能自由选择自己的行为,而是根据奖惩来决定自己以何种方式行动,因此,人既没有选择自己行为的自由,也没有任何的尊严,人和动物没有什么两样。 斯金纳还将自己的强化理论推广到教育心理学领域,他提出了一种新型的教育模式,并研制设计出了新型的教学机器。在他的领导之下,新教材开始编制,教学机器也在各大中学校广为应用,一时间在教育界掀起了一场轰轰烈烈的程序教学运动。斯金纳在各个领域推销他的操作性条件反射理论,在心理治疗领域,他提出了塑造行为的行为矫正技术,不断地利用奖惩来塑造人们的行为,促使人们做出好的行为,改变不良行为。现在行为主义学派的行为矫正技术仍然在心理治疗领域广为应用。
斯金纳还提出了自己对理想社会的设想,在其名著《沃尔登第二》一书中,他描述了一个理想的乌托邦似的社会,在这个社会中,孩子从诞生之日起,就通过强化来进行严格的行为形成训练,孩子们要被训练成具有合作精神和社交能力的人,所有的训练都是为了社会全体成员的利益和幸福。这本书在美国极受推崇,大学生们尤其热衷于阅读此书,在美国弗吉尼亚州,甚至还有人真正根据《沃尔登第二》的模式建立起了一个公社。 斯金纳在美国公众中的名声远比在心理学界的名声大得多,一位崇拜者写道:“(斯金纳)是一个神话中的著名人物......科学家英雄,普洛米休斯式的播火者,技艺高超的技术专家......敢于打破偶像的人,不畏权威的人,他解放了我们的思想,从而脱离了古代的局限。”这些话虽然有些夸张,但斯金纳在心理学界的贡献仍然是不可磨灭的。
斯金纳的主要著作有: 《有机体的行为》 (1938)、 《科学和人类行为》(1953)、《言语行为》(1957)、《强化程序》(1957)、《教学技术》(1968)、 《关于行为主义》(1974)、 《超越自由和尊严》(1971)等。
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990)
B. F. Skinner is considered to be the father of operant conditioning and programmed instruction. He was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania and he did not enter college with the intention of becoming a psychologist, majoring instead of English at Hamilton College in New York. Originally Skinner wanted to become a writer, but his father reluctantly agreed. Subsequently he undertook graduate studies at Harvard and began his research on psychology. Skinner studied at Harvard, and later became a professor of psychology at Harvard from 1931-1936 and 1947-1974.
In Skinner’s article The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching, Skinner described the conditions of the classroom to be adverse to learning. He argued that a single teacher can not individually and appropriately reinforce 30 students simultaneously. In this 1954 article, he conceptualized a teaching machine for use in the classroom by individual students. (Seymour Papert too envisioned a teaching machine, The Children’s Machine).
Skinner stated: “When I am asked what I regard as my most important contribution, I always say, ‘the original experimental analysis of operant behavior and its subsequent extension to more and more complex cases”’ (Learning Theories for Teachers). He truly believed the purpose of psychology to be predicting and controlling the behaviour of individual organisms.
Skinner thought that nearly all human behavior is a product of either biological natural selection or psychological operant reinforcement. Skinner believed that there were 2 kinds of learning: operant and respondent, however he placed greater emphasis on operant which he believed was controlled by consequences. He used animals as research subjects studying the reward technique which he later applied to humans. Skinner is a proponent of operant conditioning, and the inventor of the Skinner box for facilitating experimental observations