APA 格式论文写作指南

APA Style

This guide will help you to format a research paper and cite the resources you use in APA style. The sample citations are based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, (Ref BF76.7.P83 2010). This is the most complete and up-to-date print guide to APA style in the Library. For more examples and further explanation of APA citation style, please consult the following information.

LPC Library's Template for APA Citations - Need extra help? Fill-in guide to citation of the most common resources.

LPC Library's Template for APA Citations - Fill-in guide to citation of the most common resources.

NoodleBib - Generate, edit, and publish an APA Reference list that complies with the rules of the current APA guide. It is a Web application that allows you to create and edit APA references online. Add and edit references on the fly. It will take care of punctuation and producing a polished source list that's correctly formatted and ready to print!

Best in-depth online guides:

APA Formatting and Style Guide, The OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University.

Social Sciences: Documenting Sources - APA Style, links to finding sources, APA in-text citations, APA list of references, APA manuscript format, and sample paper.

Social Sciences: Overview - Researching in the Social Sciences, Research and Documentation Online, by Diane Hacker. How to do research in the discipline.

APA Format, Writers’ Workshop: Bibliography Styles Handbook, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Using American Psychological Association (APA)Format, OWL University Online Writing Lab, Purdue University.

Books - Citation Examples

The following examples of APA reference list citations are arranged with bolded explanatory material first, which you will not put it in your reference list. The citation examples follow and should be double spaced and have a hanging indentation. However, hanging indentations are not easily displayed on the Internet. If these examples look odd on your computer, follow the format shown in NoodleBib.

The citations contain the following elements in the order given:

• Author (first and middle name abbreviated to initials) Start with title if no author is listed. Check author order carefully for books with more than one author.
• (Date)
• Title italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized. Put date after title if there is no author listed.
• Place:
• Publisher

No Author Listed, Unknown or Anonymous

Confederate receipt book: A compilation of over one hundred receipts, adapted to the times.

          (1863). Richmond, VA: West & Johnson.

One Author

Gladwell, M. (2000). The tipping point. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Two to Six Authors

Hogue, K., Jensen, C., & Urban, K. M. (1998). The complete guide to health insurance: How

          to beat the high cost of being sick. New York: Walker and Company.

Seven or More Authors

Horton, H. R., Moran, L. A., Ochs, R. S., Rawn, D. J., Scrimgeour, K. G., Moser, R. L.,

          et al. (2008). Principles of biochemistry (3rd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.

Group or Corporate Author

American Medical Association. (2010). Essential guide to asthma. New York: Pocket

          Books.

Book With More Than One Edition

Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1997). People in organizations: An introduction

          to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Editor - No Author Listed

Enright, D. J. (Ed.). (1993). The Oxford book of death. New York: Oxford

          University Press.

Chapter by Author with a Book Editor

Eagan, C. M. (2003). 'White,' if 'not quite': Irish whiteness in the

          nineteenth-century. In K. Kenney (Ed.), New directions in Irish American

          history (pp. 140-155). Madison, WI: Wisconsin University Press.

U.S. Government Publications

United States. Bureau of the Census. (1991). Census of population and housing (1990).

          Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

PRINT AND ONLINE REFERENCE ARTICLES

The following examples of works cited citations are arranged with bolded explanatory material first, which you will not put it in your works cited list. The citation examples follow and should be double spaced and have a hanging indentation. However, hanging indentations are not easily displayed on the Internet. If these examples look odd on your computer, follow the format shown in NoodleBib.

• Citing Reference Articles in Print
• Citing Online Reference Articles

The citations contain the following elements in the order given:

Familiar, General, Special Encyclopedias and Subject Reference Works in Print

• Author. Start with title if no author is listed.
• (Date)
• Article title. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized. Put date after title if there is no author listed.
• In Publication title italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Edition
• Volume
• Pages
• Place:
• Publisher

Special and Subject Encyclopedias with Editor

The citations contain the following elements in the order given.

• Author. Start with title if no author is listed.
• (Date)
• Article title. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized. Put date after title if there is no author listed.
• In Editor of publication,
• Publication title italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Volume,
• Pages
• Place:
• Publisher

Familiar Encyclopedia Article - No Author Listed

Building codes. (2005). In Encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 4, p. 737).

          Danbury, CT: Scholastic Library Publishing.

Familiar Encyclopedia Article - Author Listed

Gocek, F. M. (2005). Bosnia-Herzegovina. In The world book encyclopedia

          (Vol. 2, pp. 491-494). Chicago: World Book, Inc.

Special Encyclopedia Article - Author and Editor Listed

Mageli, P. D. (1999). Amerasian children. In C. L. Bankston III (Ed.), Encyclopedia of family

          life (Vol. 1, pp. 70-74). Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.

Subject Reference Work Article - Editors Listed but No Author (Treat editors as authors)

Ryan, B., & Nicolas, K. (Eds.). (1995). Cuban and other Hispanic immigration. In Hispanic

          American almanac (pp. 79-92). New York: UXL.

Online References - Electronic Print Resources/Databases

The citations contain the following elements in the order given.

• Author. Start with title if no author is listed.
• (Date)
• Article title. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized. Put date after title if there is no author listed.
• In Publication title italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Publication data, if available
• Date of access
• Retrieved date, from Database name
• Use the punctuation shown in the examples below.

Grolier Online - Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia Article with Author

Alphin, A. B. (2006) Armored vehicle. In Grolier multimedia encyclopedia.

          Retrieved July 6, 2006, from http://gme.grolier.com/

          or

Alphin, A. B. (2006) Armored vehicle. In Grolier multimedia encyclopedia.

          Retrieved July 6, 2006, from Grolier Online database.

Grolier Online - Encyclopedia Americana Article with Author

Garrow, D. J. (2006). King, Martin Luther, Jr. In Encyclopedia Americana online. Scholastic

          Library Publishing. Retrieved July 19, 2006, from Grolier Online database.

          or

Garrow, D. J. (2006). King, Martin Luther, Jr. In Encyclopedia Americana online. Scholastic

          Library Publishing. Retrieved July 19, 2006, from http://ea.grolier.com/

History Reference Center - Article from a Reference Book with Author

Katzman, D. M. (1991). Reader's companion to American history (p. 114). Boston: Houghton

          Mifflin. Retrieved July 19, 2006, from History Reference Center database.

Literature Resource Center - Special Encyclopedia Article with Author

Richardson, R. D., Jr. (1987). Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-1882. In J. W. Rathburn & M. M. Grecu (Eds.),

          Dictionary of literary biography: American literary critics and scholars, 1800-1850 (Vol. 59,

          pp. 108-129). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved July 13, 2006, from Literature Resource Center database.

LitFinder - Reference Article with Author

Nash, D. (1929). The dance. In Contemporary American poets. Retrieved July 19, 2006,

          from LitFinder database.

Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center - Special Encyclopedia Article with No Author

Political and governmental corruption. (2000). In Encyclopedia of sociology (2nd ed.).

          New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved July 13, 2006, from Opposing

           Viewpoints Resource Center database.

Periodicals - Magazine, Newspaper, Journal & Informational Database Citations

• Articles in Print
• Full-Text Articles in Electronic Print Resources

Articles in Print Magazines, Newspapers & Journals

The following examples of works cited citations are arranged with bolded explanatory material first, which you will not put it in your works cited list. The citation examples follow and should be double spaced and have a hanging indentation. However, hanging indentations are not easily displayed on the Internet. If these examples look odd on your computer, follow the format shown in NoodleBib.

The citations for periodical materials in print contain the following elements in the order given.

• Author. Start with title if no author is listed.
• (Date). Put date after title if there is no author listed.
• Article title. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Publication Title italicized and all important words capitalized.
• Volume
• Pages

Do not add the name of a database at the end of your citation if you read the text from the print magazine. Add the name of the database only if you use a full-text article from a database. Use the punctuation shown in the examples below.

Daily Newspaper Article with Author

Blevins, L. (2006, March 31). Livermore flourishes at turn of century. Tri-Valley Herald, pp. Valley 1, 2.

Popular Magazine Article with Author

Fitzharris, T. (2006, May). Flower power. Popular Photography, 70(5), 28-32.

Popular Magazine Article with No Author

Stem cell research. (2001, February 9). Newsweek, 60(2), 1-3.

Journal Article with Author

Ceglowski, D. (2006, Spring). Head Start-operated full-day services: Successes, challenges, and issues.

           Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 20(3), 189-206.

Articles and Reports from LPC Subscription Databases

The citations contain the following elements in the order given.

• Author. Start with title if no author is listed.
• (Date). Put date after title if there is no author listed.
• Article title. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Publication Title italicized and all important words capitalized.
• Volume
• Pages
• Retrieved date, from Database name

The information needed for a full-text article is exactly the same as an article in print. You just add the date of retrieval and database information. Use the punctuation shown in the examples below.

Academic Search Premier - Popular Magazine Article with Author

Halloran, L. (2006, May 8). Pulling back from the brink. U.S. News and World Report, 140(17), 36-38.

           Retrieved July 6, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

America's Newspapers (NewsBank) - Regional Newspaper Article, Section Designated by Letter

Matier, P., & Ross, A. (2006, July 19). Awe-inspiring price tag to drain Hetch Hetchy. San Francisco

          Chronicle,, pp. B1, B5. Retrieved July 21, 2006, from America's Newspapers database.

CountryWatch - Country Review Report

Sudan. (2005). Country Review. Retrieved July 19, 2006, from CountryWatch database.

CountryWatch - Country Wire News Report

Ecuadorans stage protest: Demand US oil company expulsion. (2006, May 9). Country Wire. Retrieved

           July 19, 2006, from CountryWatch database.

CQ Researcher Online - Magazine Article with Author

Greenblatt, A. (2003, January 31). Obesity epidemic. CQ Researcher, 13(4), pp. 73-104. Retrieved

          June 23, 2006, from CQ Researcher Online database.

Ethnic NewsWatch - Journal Article with Author

Valenti, P. C. (2005, August). Condaleeza Rice's visit to the middle east: The new face of U.S. foreign

          policy? The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, 24(6), 36-37. Retrieved September 13,

          2005, from Ethnic NewsWatch database.

GenderWatch - Article with Author

Forde, C. (2005, Spring). Must we really make the case for abortion rights all over again? Conscience,

          26(1), 22. Retrieved July 13, 2006, from GenderWatch database.

History Reference Center - Journal Article with Author

Egerton, D. R. (2005, May). Thomas Jefferson: The revolution of ideas. History Teacher, p. 401.

          Retrieved June 18, 2006, from History Reference Center database.

Opposing Viewpoints - Viewpoint Essay with Two Authors

Cincotta, R., & Engleman, R. (2002). Stabilizing human population growth would help preserve biodiversity.

          In W. Dudley (Ed.), Biodiversity. Current Controversies. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved

          July 13, 2006, from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database.

Opposing Viewpoints - Magazine Article with Author

Rigotti, N. (2005, October 3). Staying safe: How to quit smoking. Newsweek, p. 56. Retrieved

          May 16, 2006, from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database.

BOOK REVIEWS: PRINT & ELECTRONIC PRINT RESOURCES/DATABASES

The following examples of works cited citations are arranged with bolded explanatory material first, which you will not put it in your works cited list. The citation examples follow and should be double spaced and have a hanging indentation. However, hanging indentations are not easily displayed on the Internet. If these examples look odd on your computer, follow the format shown in NoodleBib.

Citations for reviews of books found in periodicals, books and electronic print resources contain the following elements in the order given:

Review in Print Periodical Article

• Reviewer. Start with title if no reviewer is listed.
• (Date). Put date after title if there is no reviewer listed.
• Review title, if available. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Medium being reviewed (book, movie)
• [Review of the book Title being reviewed italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.]
• Publication Title italicized and all important words capitalized.
• Volume (Issue italicized)
• Pages

Review in Full-Text Periodical Article from a Database

• Reviewer. Start with title if no reviewer is listed.
• (Date). Put date after title if there is no reviewer listed.
• Review title, if available. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Medium being reviewed (book, movie)
• [Review of the work Title being reviewed italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.]
• Publication Title italicized and all important words capitalized.
• Volume (Issue italicized)
• Pages
• Retrieved date, from Database name

Review in Book

• Reviewer. Start with title if no reviwer is listed.
• (Date). Put date after title if there is no reviewer listed.
• Review title, if available. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Medium being reviewed (book, movie)
• [Review of the work Title being reviewed italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.]
• In Editor (Ed.),
• Book Title italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Vol. #
• (Pages in multi-volume set).
• Place:
• Publisher

Review in Magazine Article with Author

Schatz, B.R. (2000). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social

          life of information]. Science, 290, 1304.

Book Review in Article in Print Multi-Volume Set

Keymer, D. (1995). John Grisham 1955(?) -. [Review of the book A time to kill].

          In J.P. Draper (Ed.), Contemporary literary criticism: Vol.84 (pp. 189-201).

          New York: Gale.

Book Review in Journal Article (No Title) in Academic Search Premier

Wu, F. (2001, Winter). [Review of the book Soul mountain]. World Literature Today,

          75(1), 101. Retrieved October 28, 2003, from Academic Search Premier database.

Book Review in Newspaper Article in Literature Resource Center

Hynes, J. (1999, April 4). Bourgeois blues. [Review of the book Werewolves in their

          youth]. Washington Post Book World, X7. Retrieved May 5, 2002, from

          Literature Resource Center database.

INTERNET RESOURCES

The following examples of works cited citations are arranged with bolded explanatory material first, which you will not put it in your works cited list. The citation examples follow and should be double spaced and have a hanging indentation. However, hanging indentations are not easily displayed on the Internet. If these examples look odd on your computer, follow the format shown in NoodleBib.

Basic Elements of Web Site Citations -

These citations are from general Internet sources, not from LPC electronic print resources (databases). Citations for Web site information should contain as much data that you can find to identify the material, as follows in the order given:

• Author. Start with title if no author is listed.
• (Date). Or last revision. Put date after title if there is no author listed.
• Title of Article or Document. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Title of Complete Work or Homepage italicized and all important words capitalized.
• Publication data - where: who. If available.
• Retrieved date, from URL

Note: When citing references from an online database or Internet source you may turn off the auto-formatting of the URL (in Microsoft Word) so it is not underlined and highlighted in blue. This will make your works cited page appear more consistent. Go to the Tools menu, select AutoCorrect, select the AutoFormat As You Type tab and midway down under Replace as you type deselect (uncheck) Internet and network paths with hyperlinks.

You may have to go to the homepage of an institution to find publication data. To cite subscription databases, such as Academic Search Premier, CountryWatch, Encyclopedia Americana, Ethnic NewsWatch, GenderWatch, LitFinder Literature Resource Center, use the links to examples in the Reference, Periodicals and Electronic Print Resources, or Book Review sections.

Internet Articles Based on a Print Source

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the

           selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research,

           5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html

Article in an Internet-Only Journal

Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize

           health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved

           November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Article in an Internet-Only Newsletter

Glueckauf, R.L., Whitton, J., Baxter, J., Kain, J., Vogelgesang, S., Hudson, M.,

           et al. (1998, July). Videocounseling for families of rural teens with epilepsy –

           Project update. Telehealth News, 2(2). Retrieved June 6, 2000, from

           http://www.telehealth.net/subscribe/newsletter_4a.html#1

Government Information with No Date Given

United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.) 1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing

           statistics. Retrieved December 8, 1999, from http://www.ussc.gov.annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm

General Website - No Author, Date, or Publication Information

Promoting corporate interests over patients and the public. Arnold Schwarzenegger: A

           look at the record. (n.d.). California Nurses Association. Retrieved June 15, 2005,

           from http://files.calnurse.org/assets/ Arnold_and_healthcare.pdf

NON-PRINT MATERIALS

The following examples of works cited citations are arranged with bolded explanatory material first, which you will not put it in your works cited list. The citation examples follow and should be double spaced and have a hanging indentation. However, hanging indentations are not easily displayed on the Internet. If these examples look odd on your computer, follow the format shown in NoodleBib.

• Artist, Composer, Performer, Author, Director, or Conductor… The name listed first is the one the writer wants to emphasize. Start with title if none is listed.
• (Date). Put date after title if there is no author listed.
• Title italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Any needed descriptive material, such as conductor, if not listed already, etc.
• [Medium].
• Publisher - include where available

Compact Discs

Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveler [CD]. New York:

           PolyGram Music.

Lloyd Webber, A. (1987). The Phantom of the opera: The original London cast.

          [CD]. London: Polydor.

DVDS and Videotapes - Medium: Motion Picture

DVDs

Lewis & Clark: The journey of the Corps of Discovery [DVD]. (2001).

           United States: PBS, Warner Home Video.

Zaentz, S. (Producer), & Forman, M. (Director). (2002). Amadeus [DVD].

           United States: Warner Home Video.

Videorecordings

Cooper, J. (Producer/Director). (1996). From a different shore: An American identity

           [Motion Picture]. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities.

Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schmiechen, R. (Director). (1992). Changing our minds:

           The story of Evelyn Hooker [Motion picture]. (Available from Changing Our Minds, Inc.,

           170 West End Avenue, New York, NY).

Other Types of Non-Print Citations

• Author, Lecturer, etc. (Note: personal communications such as interviews are cited in text but do not appear in your reference list because they are unrecoverable.)
• (Date performed).
• Title italicized. Only first word, proper nouns and first word after a colon capitalized.
• Any needed descriptive material, such as place, theater, concert hall, etc.
• Location

Television series broadcast

Crystal, L. (Producer). (1993). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. New York:

           Public Broadcasting Service.

Lecture

Dement, W. C. (2006, May 17). Dreams and sleep disorders. Lecture

           presented at Las Positas College , Building 600.

Many of these links were found through Librarians' Internet Index and the annotations were adapted from the LII list (Copyright 2005 by Librarians' Internet Index, lii.org.)

Use the following links to access the LPC Library short guides to citations styles and NoodleBib..

• Citation Style Guides
• APA Citation Examples:
    Books | Reference Materials | Periodicals & Databases
    Book Reviews | Internet | Non-Print Materials
• APA Format & Information, Parenthetical Documentation, Sample Reference List
• NoodleBib