复旦大学讲义）unit6-10

英汉翻译讲座 （复旦大学讲义）
Unit 6
I、上次课外练习参考译文：
我们正面临着一个新时代。随你怎么称呼它：服务经济也好，信息时代也好，知识社会也好，一句话，都说明了我们工作方式的根本变化。事实上我们已经开始进入这个时代。西方社会依靠制造产品谋生的人数比例急剧下降了。今天，在美洲、欧洲和日本，大多数人（这些国家中有许多国家已高达三分之二以上）从事服务业，而且人数还在增加。跟从前相比，妇女从业的人数增加了，兼职工作增加了，个体经营者增加了。但是，经济变革幅度的衡量不能只凭数字，因为经济变革同时也引发了对工作本质的全新思维。有关工作和职业生涯、获得成功所必须的技能、乃至个人与雇主的关系，种种传统的观念正在受到挑战。
我们只要回顾从前，就可以对未来有所了解。没有那一位展望未来20年的人能够预料到硅片这样一项发明，因其在个人电脑、数字通讯和工业机器人中的应用，会给我们的世界带来的种种变化。明天在生物技术、人工智能或者有些迄今为止甚至难以想象的技术方面所取得的成就，可能会引起类似的急剧变化。但有一点是肯定的：信息和知识将变得更加重要，而拥有信息和知识的人们，无论他们从事制造业或者服务业，将会具有优势并创造财富，计算机技术将与读写能力一样成为一种基本要求。运用信息解决问题的能力，而不是日常工作的完成，将尤其受到重视。展望未来10年，信息服务将支配一切，将成为你的工作方式。
II、英汉翻译原理第三讲：怎样理解原文？（续）
四、要通过吃透词语含义进行理解：
【例45】 While many women are comfortable being close and sharing secrets, men often struggle to express their emotions in relationship with other men.
×虽然许多女人对与他人亲密无间，分享秘密感到舒坦，而男人却经常刻求在与其他男人的关系中表达感情。
【译文】 许多女人亲密相处互吐隐秘感到心安理得，而男人要对其他男人表露感情却非易事。
【例46】 On the drunken occasion in question, I was insufferable about liking you, and not liking you. I wish you would forget it.
×在那次大醉时，我老考虑是不是喜欢你，搞得我无法忍受，希望你忘了它。
【译文】 那一次喝得酩酊大醉的时候，我说了喜欢你不喜欢你的一番话，让你受不了，希望你忘了它吧。
【例47】 I felt uncomfortable in the suit I had dredged up to wear.
×穿着那套已经弄干净的衣服，我只觉得浑身不自在。
【译文】 穿着那套费了好大功夫才找出来的衣服，我觉得浑身不自在。
【例48】 The school bully threatened Martin with a thick ear.
×学校的小霸王打了马丁一个耳光以此作为威胁。
【译文】 学校的小霸王扬言要打马丁的耳光。
【例49】 The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency; it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence.
×计算机将可能使人类熟练掌握技术产生惊人的飞跃，他推倒了理论和实践之间的隔墙。
【译文】 计算机使人类的能力有可能发生巨大的飞跃；它拓展了人类从事实践工作甚至理论工作的智慧。
五、要明确词语的具体指代进行理解：
【例50】 Fifty cases of woolen sweaters were shipped from Shanghai to New York. They were products of the city's first joint venture. Owing to a storm at sea, some of the cargo got stained by seawater. However, the goods duly arrived yesterday.
【译文】 有50箱羊毛衫从上海发往纽约。这些羊毛衫是上海首家合资企业的产品。由于海上遇到风暴，其中一部分遭到海水污损，但这批货物已于昨天按时运抵。
【例51】 "Heaven bless you, my child," said she, embracing Amelia, and scowling the while over the girl's shoulder at Miss Sharp. "Come away, Becky," said Miss Jemima, pulling the young woman away in great alarm.
×她搂着爱米丽亚说：“求老天保佑你，孩子。”一面说，一面从女孩的肩头对夏泼小姐恶狠狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着年轻女子出来，口里说：“来吧，贝基。”
【译文】 她搂着爱米丽亚说：“求老天保佑你，孩子。”一面说，一面从爱米丽亚肩头对夏泼小姐恶狠狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着夏泼小姐出来，口里说：“走吧，小姐。”
【例52】 I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury.
×我抓起那支最大的画笔，迅猛异常地向我可怜的受害者扑了过去。
【译文】 我抓起那支最大的画笔，势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。
III、课堂练习（正确理解以下各句，并在正确理解的基础上将其译成汉语）：
1. The investigations were temporarily tabled due to more pressing business.
2. After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive.
3. One of the great charms of Lawrence as a companion was that he could never be bored and so could never be boring.
4. A grass eating animal cannot exist without grass, a predator without prey, a plant without certain basic chemicals or certain kinds of soil.
5. If we could consider placing ourselves in other people's shoes, we could teach ourselves how damaging it is to assume anything about anyone.
6. A creative person will almost never follow a set pattern in developing an idea. To do so would tend to structure his thinking and might limit the creation of possible solutions.
7. Next door, a large-than-expected audience of 300 attended the International Conference on Laser Atmospheric Studies, which will be covered separately next month.
8. The quality of attendance, enhanced by an exhibit-admission fee of $50 per day, was widely extolled. The quantity was in doubt, however. All of the 14 exhibitors interviewed questioned the figure of 5,200 given by Fair director G.B. Hovel; the consensus was 2,500 attendees.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 由于有更紧急的任务，调查暂不进行。
2. 毕竟所有的生物都靠吃其他东西生存，不管这种东西是植物还是动物，是死的还是活的。
3. 在跟劳伦斯的相处中感到他有一点可爱之处，那就是他从不讨厌人，因而也从不讨人厌。
4. 食草动物没有草不能生存，食肉动物没有猎物无法活命，植物没有一定的基本化学物质或一定的土壤就生长不了。
5. 如果我们能够设身处地为别人着想，就会懂得对别人臆断有多大害处。
6. 有创造性的人在形成一种想法时决不会照搬固定不变的模式。那种做法往往会束缚思想，有碍于想出多种可能的解决方案。
7. 隔壁大厅里，出乎意料地有300人出席了国际激光大气研究会议，有关会议情况本刊将于下月另文报道。
8. 由于每天的入场券票价高达50美元，所以前往参观的人都有些身份，受到了普遍称颂。但是参观人数值得怀疑。有14家参展厂商接受了采访，都对交易会主任霍佛尔提供的5,200人这个数字表示怀疑，一般估计是2,500人。
V、课外练习（正确理解下列短文，并将其译成汉语）：
One of my favourite moments of the day is among the last -- the last conscious one, anyway. After several attempts at keeping my eyelids from fluttering closed and the book from collapsing onto my chest, I know it really is time to go to sleep. I affectionately place the book on the bed beside me. We sleep together, me and my book, me and those characters, me and my mixed-up dreams.
Reading in bed seems to run in families. The last time my mother babysat for me, I got home to find the house dark except for two small lights. One came from my son's room, where I discovered the eight-year-old holed up under the covers with Goosebumps and a flashlight. At the other end of the house, my mother had already dozed off with her book.
Somewhere in the middle is me, a grown-up version of the girl who used to camp out under covers with Nancy Drew, a foreshadowing of a baby-sitting grandma whose sons will come home to find Mom snoozing contentedly beneath her paperback.
Instead of arranging my books into traditional categories -- fiction and nonfiction, novels and short stories, self-improvement and pleasure -- I divide my bedside reading into books that put you to sleep and those that keep you up. Both have their place. Just last night I picked up a slender but densely written volume of literary criticism for the knockout punch I knew it would deliver. At the other end of the spectrum are the suspense heavy plots that keep you turning pages into the single-digit hours -- crime novels, love stories, comedies of manners, narrators so charming you cannot bear to quit them, worlds so richly drawn you cannot bear to leave. (293 words)
Unit 7
I、上次课外练习参考译文：
一天中我最喜欢的是最后那段时刻－－至少是醒着的最后那段时刻。我再三努力不让眨动的眼皮合上，不让书本掉落在胸前，这时候我知道真的该入睡了。我深情地把书放在身边的床上。我们一起入睡－－我和我的书，我和书中的人物，我和交杂的梦境，都一起入睡。
躺在床上看书似乎成了家传。上一次母亲帮我照看孩子时，我回到家里发现整幢房子一片漆黑，只有两处微弱的灯光。一处在我儿子的房间，我看到八岁的儿子拿着一本《鸡皮疙瘩》，打着电筒躲在被窝里看书。房子的那头，母亲拿着书已经打起盹来。
差不多在这一老一小的中间就是我：一个已经长大成人的昔日女孩，过去经常在野营时把《南茜•德鲁》漫画藏在被窝里与之同眠，一位将来帮儿子照看小孩的老奶奶，儿子回家时发现母亲已经心满意足地脸上盖着书本呼呼入睡。
我没有按照传统的分类方法把书分为小说类和非小说类、长篇类和短篇类、修身养性类和娱乐消遣类，而是把床头读物分为催人入眠类和驱散睡意类。两类书籍各得其所。就在昨天晚上，我挑了一本薄薄的但文字密集的文学评论。我知道这本书会让我倒下就睡着。与之完全不同的另一类则是情节紧张扣人心弦的书，如犯罪小说、爱情故事、生活喜剧，书中的叙事充满魅力令你不忍打断，书中的世界引人入胜使你难舍难离，你会一页又一页地翻下去，一直看到十二点钟过后。
II、英汉翻译原理第三讲：怎样理解原文？（续）
六、要理解词语不同用法时的不同含义：
【例53】 They were distressful memories to her.
×它们都是她感到悲伤的回忆。
【译文】 这些都是勾起她痛苦回忆的往事，
【例54】 Anyone who doubts that global financial markets control national economies need only look at the crisis facing the "tigers" of the Far East.
×任何认为全球金融市场未必能左右国民经济的人，只须环视一下笼罩着远东“四小龙”的那场金融危机。
【译文】 无论是谁，如果认为世界各国金融市场未必能控制各国经济，只须看一看远东地区的“四小龙”所面临的这场金融危机就明白了。
【例55】 Concerned farmers are building terraces on hilly fields, rotating their crops, and using new plowing methods to cut soil losses significantly.
【译文】 关注事态的农民们在山地上修造梯田，实行轮作，并采用新法耕作以大幅度减少土壤流失。
七、要注意省略和替代部分的理解：
【例56】 "Has he sold his collection yet?"　"He has some of the paintings; I'm not sure about the rest."
ד他的藏画全都卖了吗？” “他有一些画，其他的我说不准。”
【译文】　“他的藏画全都卖了吗？” “有一部分画他已经卖了，其他的我说不准。”
【例57】 In other words there is at work in the language of a man, or of an age even, a constant principle of selection.
【译文】 换句话说，不仅一个人的语言，甚至于一个时代的语言，都不断受到淘汰原理的影响。
【例58】 A causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end.
【译文】 我们不可能设想有哪件事情是无缘无故产生的，就像我们不可能设想有哪根棍子只有一头一样。
【例59】 We are human and human beings are far from perfect. To be human implies that we will make mistakes. But it's more than that we feel human. We now feel entitled.
【译文】 我们是凡人，而凡人远非十全十美。作为凡人就是说我们会犯错误。但是，我们觉得自己是凡人不仅仅由于我们会犯错误。我们如今感到有权利犯错误。
【例60】 You have acted as if you do; but I don't think you do.
【译文】 你装出好象很喜欢我的样子，可我觉得你并不喜欢我。
III、课堂练习（正确理解以下各句，并在正确理解的基础上将其译成汉语）：
1. If anyone has the right to hope he can solve what to most physicists would seem unsolvable, he has.
2. By taking thought, men can move mountains -- and have.He had retired to private prayer in his chamber.
3. Many considerations go into growing the most flavorful produce, and the simple fact of being certified "organic" is not guarantee.
4. Senate Majority Leader George Mitchel hit the ceiling, as did most other Democrats, who immediately declared themselves allergic to taxes.
5. Two of the largest and most powerful nations of the world have since 1950 lived in isolated ignorance of one another and mutual fear and hate.
6. At the meeting, Johnson was very critical of Smith's record, but she was able to blunt his attack by showing that he had a private grievance against her.
7. Along with strong incentive and education systems, third-wave companies maintain an openness to outside ideas and a tolerance for failure that help to keep innovative thinking alive.
8. When he dined with his sister that evening, Madeline helped herself to a cigarette from his pack on the table, and lit and smoke it inexpertly. Her defiant, self-satisfied, somewhat pathetic air made Warren laugh.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 如果说谁有权利希望自己能解决大多数物理学家似乎无法解决的问题，那么他就有这种权利。
2. 人们只要动脑筋，就能移山填海－－而且人们已经这样做了。
3. 最具风味的农产品的种植涉及到许多因素，而仅仅获得“天然产品”的认证并不能保证什么。
4. 参议院多数党领袖米契尔和大多数民主党人士都大发雷霆，他们立即宣称无法忍受增税。
5. 自1950年以来，世界上两个地域最大、实力最强的国家彼此隔离，毫无了解，相互间既恐惧又敌视。
6. 在会上，约翰逊百般指责史密斯过去的所作所为，但史密斯指出约翰逊对她有私仇，因而削弱了约翰逊攻击的锋芒。
7. 第三次浪潮时代的企业除了需要有力的激励和教育机制外，还应善于接受外界的思想，善于容忍失败，这样才有利于思想上的活跃创新。
8. 华伦那天跟妹妹美德琳一起吃晚饭时， 妹妹从桌上他的烟盒里取出一支香烟，不太在行地抽了起来。她那种不可一世、自鸣得意、又有点惹人爱怜的神气引得华伦哈哈大笑。
V、课外练习（正确理解下列短文，并将其译成汉语）：
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman.
Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success.
Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.
All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.
Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the "masculine" qualities required.
This is true even in politics. "When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently," says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. The were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.
The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.　(332 words)
Unit 8
I、上次课外练习参考译文：
人们始终认为美丽是值得称赞的。几乎人人都以为漂亮的人会比别人幸福健康，婚姻美满，职业高尚。个人事务咨询员会给他们提供更好的求职建议，甚至法官对漂亮的被告态度也会格外温和。然而，在主管人员中，美丽可成为一种不利因素。
漂亮对于步步高攀想当主管的男子是一种积极因素，但对于女子却反而有害。
人们认为英俊的男主管比外貌平平者更有诚信，认为努力和能力是他们成功的原因。
人们以为漂亮的女主管比不漂亮者缺乏诚信，她们的成功不是由于能力，而是由于运气之类的因素。
人们觉得所有不漂亮的女主管比漂亮的女主管更有诚信，更有能力。然而，耐人寻味的是，与一夜之间获得成功的漂亮人士相比，人们认为一夜之间获得成功的不漂亮人士更多地是由于人际关系，而不是由于能力。
为什么会认为漂亮女子没有能力呢？人们认为，与不漂亮者相比，漂亮女子更具有女性特点，而漂亮男子则更具有男性特点。所以，漂亮女子从事女子从事的传统职业时就具有优势，而漂亮女子从事男子从事的传统职业时看来则缺乏所需的“男性”特点。
这种情况甚至在政治界也一样。安•波门最近发表了一份关于外貌漂亮对政治候选人的影响的研究报告，她说：“当人们看待某人的唯一依据只有外貌时，她们对男子和女子的态度是不一样的。”她要求125名大学本科学生把两组照片按照漂亮的顺序进行排队，一组是男子，一组是女子。她告诉学生这些都是一些政治职位竞选人的照片，再要求她们把照片按照他们打算投票的顺序进行排队。
结果表明，漂亮男子完全击败了漂亮女子，但被排在最漂亮之列的那几名女子一律获得的票数最少。
II、英汉翻译原理第四讲：怎样表达译文？
【例61】 Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds. There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted.
×拂晓已降临岛上，灰色的柔光，许多云彩，景色美极了。这里有透明的光线，它是不能描写也不能画出来的。
【译文】 曙色中的海岛美极了，晨光熹微，彩云片片，澄彻的光影无法形容，无法描画。
【例62】 Constant technological advances in soil conservation and livestock production will be required to keep pace with this ever-growing need.
×将需要水土保持与畜牧业生产不断的技术进步以适应这种日益增长的需求。
【译文】 为了适应这种日益增长的需求，水土保持与畜牧生产的技术需要不断进步。
一、要摆脱原文语句结构的影响：
【例63】 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
×对历史研究方法的兴趣较少来自于把历史作为一门学科的有效性的外界挑战，而更多来自于历史学家们内部的争论。
【译文】 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。
【例64】 Distance from the event should make the memories less painful.
×事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。
【译文】 时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。
【例65】 Perhaps, after all, there was no enigma（费解的事物，谜团）about him, except in the minds of lesser men who found it hard to conceive such tenacity of purpose.
【译文】 也许他身上毕竟没有什么不可思议的东西。所谓不可思议，只是那些不如他的人对他那种坚韧不拔的意志感到不可思议而已。
【例66】 It was an elderly woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
【译文】 他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。
二、要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义：
【例67】 Like my friend, I now have an alternative to complaining. When I'm bored with my life, I take my pencils out in the back yard and doodle for an hour, trying to sketch trees that look like trees.
×就像我的朋友一样，我现在有了一种代替抱怨的东西。当我对生活感到厌倦时，我就拿出铅笔到后院去心不在焉地乱涂一个小时，试图画出看上去像树的树木速写。
【译文】 同有位朋友一样，我现在不再抱怨，而是去做一些别的事情。在生活中感到厌倦时，我就拿起铅笔，到后院里随便涂鸦个把小时，画画树林的速写，尽量画得看上去像是树林。
【例68】 His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night.
×他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。
【译文】 更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。
【例69】 But this arms race strained the government's principles as well as its budgets.
【译文】 但是这场军备竞赛使政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。
III、课堂练习（将下列句子译成汉语，并注意运用汉语的表达优势使译文尽量通顺流畅）：
1. She showered us with telegrams.
2. Your comment is more bravely made than correct.
3. The man, more dead than alive, was brought in and locked in the cellar.
4. Civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.
5. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.
6. It was a dry, cold hand, and the grip was severe, with more a feeling of bones in it than friendliness.
7. Hitler's mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory: just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.
8. If an entrepreneur was suddenly given as much money as he wanted would he stop his activities or use the money to develop new ones? History is very much on the side of the new activities.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 她的电报纷至沓来。
2. 你的评论勇敢有余，正确不足。
3. 那人被半死不活地带进地窖关了起来。
4. 谦恭不是软弱，真诚总须凭据。
5. 这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很满意。
6. 那是一只干瘪冰冷的手，紧紧的一握，只让人觉得摸到一把骨头，并没有感受到什么友情。
7. 希特勒犯下的错误使罗斯福取得了胜利：正如在滑铁卢战场上，与其说是威灵顿赢了，不如说是拿破仑输了。
8. 如果一名企业家突然得到他想要的那么多钱，他会停止经营活动呢，还是会用这笔钱去开拓新的经营活动？历史表明，企业家多半会去开拓新的经营活动。
V、课外练习（将以下短文译成汉语，注意运用汉语汉语的表达优势使译文尽量通顺流畅）：
If an occupation census had been taken in the eleventh century it would probably have revealed that quite 90 percent of the people were country inhabitants who drew their livelihood from farming, herding, fishing or the forest. An air photograph taken at that time would have revealed spotted villages, linked together by unsurfaced roads and separated by expanses of forest or swamp. There were some towns, but few of them housed more than 10,000 persons. A second picture, taken in the mid-fourteenth century would show that the villages had grown more numerous and also more widespread, for Europeans had pushed their frontier outward by settling new areas. There would be more people on the roads, rivers and seas, carrying food or raw materials to towns which had increased in number, size and importance. But a photograph taken about 1450 would reveal that little further expansion had taken place during the preceding hundred years.
Any attempt to describe the countryside during those centuries is prevented by two difficulties. In the first place, we have to examine the greater part of Europe's 3,750,000 square miles, and not merely the Mediterranean lands. In the second place, the inhabitants of that wide expanse refuse to fit into our standard pattern or to stand still.
In 1450, most Europeans probably lived in villages, but some regions were so hilly, lacking in good soil, or heavily timbered that villages could not keep going, and settlement was that of solitary herdsmen or shepherds. Some areas had better access to market than others and were therefore more involved in commercial agriculture than in farming. Large landowners were more likely than small landlords to run their estates and especially their domains more systematically -- and also to keep those records from which we learn most of what we know about the subject. Some areas had never been quite feudalized; their farmers were more free from lordship and even from landlordship. Some regions had been recently settled, and their tenants had been offered liberal terms of tenure in order to lure them into the wilderness. Finally, there was a time element; the expansion and prosperity that characterized the period from the twelfth to the fifteenth century produced or maintained conditions which were unsuitable to the stormier days preceding or the lean ones following it.　 (384 words)
Unit 8
I、上次课外练习参考译文：
人们始终认为美丽是值得称赞的。几乎人人都以为漂亮的人会比别人幸福健康，婚姻美满，职业高尚。个人事务咨询员会给他们提供更好的求职建议，甚至法官对漂亮的被告态度也会格外温和。然而，在主管人员中，美丽可成为一种不利因素。
漂亮对于步步高攀想当主管的男子是一种积极因素，但对于女子却反而有害。
人们认为英俊的男主管比外貌平平者更有诚信，认为努力和能力是他们成功的原因。
人们以为漂亮的女主管比不漂亮者缺乏诚信，她们的成功不是由于能力，而是由于运气之类的因素。
人们觉得所有不漂亮的女主管比漂亮的女主管更有诚信，更有能力。然而，耐人寻味的是，与一夜之间获得成功的漂亮人士相比，人们认为一夜之间获得成功的不漂亮人士更多地是由于人际关系，而不是由于能力。
为什么会认为漂亮女子没有能力呢？人们认为，与不漂亮者相比，漂亮女子更具有女性特点，而漂亮男子则更具有男性特点。所以，漂亮女子从事女子从事的传统职业时就具有优势，而漂亮女子从事男子从事的传统职业时看来则缺乏所需的“男性”特点。
这种情况甚至在政治界也一样。安•波门最近发表了一份关于外貌漂亮对政治候选人的影响的研究报告，她说：“当人们看待某人的唯一依据只有外貌时，她们对男子和女子的态度是不一样的。”她要求125名大学本科学生把两组照片按照漂亮的顺序进行排队，一组是男子，一组是女子。她告诉学生这些都是一些政治职位竞选人的照片，再要求她们把照片按照他们打算投票的顺序进行排队。
结果表明，漂亮男子完全击败了漂亮女子，但被排在最漂亮之列的那几名女子一律获得的票数最少。
II、英汉翻译原理第四讲：怎样表达译文？
【例61】 Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds. There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted.
×拂晓已降临岛上，灰色的柔光，许多云彩，景色美极了。这里有透明的光线，它是不能描写也不能画出来的。
【译文】 曙色中的海岛美极了，晨光熹微，彩云片片，澄彻的光影无法形容，无法描画。
【例62】 Constant technological advances in soil conservation and livestock production will be required to keep pace with this ever-growing need.
×将需要水土保持与畜牧业生产不断的技术进步以适应这种日益增长的需求。
【译文】 为了适应这种日益增长的需求，水土保持与畜牧生产的技术需要不断进步。
一、要摆脱原文语句结构的影响：
【例63】 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
×对历史研究方法的兴趣较少来自于把历史作为一门学科的有效性的外界挑战，而更多来自于历史学家们内部的争论。
【译文】 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。
【例64】 Distance from the event should make the memories less painful.
×事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。
【译文】 时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。
【例65】 Perhaps, after all, there was no enigma（费解的事物，谜团）about him, except in the minds of lesser men who found it hard to conceive such tenacity of purpose.
【译文】 也许他身上毕竟没有什么不可思议的东西。所谓不可思议，只是那些不如他的人对他那种坚韧不拔的意志感到不可思议而已。
【例66】 It was an elderly woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
【译文】 他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。
二、要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义：
【例67】 Like my friend, I now have an alternative to complaining. When I'm bored with my life, I take my pencils out in the back yard and doodle for an hour, trying to sketch trees that look like trees.
×就像我的朋友一样，我现在有了一种代替抱怨的东西。当我对生活感到厌倦时，我就拿出铅笔到后院去心不在焉地乱涂一个小时，试图画出看上去像树的树木速写。
【译文】 同有位朋友一样，我现在不再抱怨，而是去做一些别的事情。在生活中感到厌倦时，我就拿起铅笔，到后院里随便涂鸦个把小时，画画树林的速写，尽量画得看上去像是树林。
【例68】 His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night.
×他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。
【译文】 更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。
【例69】 But this arms race strained the government's principles as well as its budgets.
【译文】 但是这场军备竞赛使政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。
III、课堂练习（将下列句子译成汉语，并注意运用汉语的表达优势使译文尽量通顺流畅）：
1. She showered us with telegrams.
2. Your comment is more bravely made than correct.
3. The man, more dead than alive, was brought in and locked in the cellar.
4. Civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.
5. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.
6. It was a dry, cold hand, and the grip was severe, with more a feeling of bones in it than friendliness.
7. Hitler's mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory: just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.
8. If an entrepreneur was suddenly given as much money as he wanted would he stop his activities or use the money to develop new ones? History is very much on the side of the new activities.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 她的电报纷至沓来。
2. 你的评论勇敢有余，正确不足。
3. 那人被半死不活地带进地窖关了起来。
4. 谦恭不是软弱，真诚总须凭据。
5. 这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很满意。
6. 那是一只干瘪冰冷的手，紧紧的一握，只让人觉得摸到一把骨头，并没有感受到什么友情。
7. 希特勒犯下的错误使罗斯福取得了胜利：正如在滑铁卢战场上，与其说是威灵顿赢了，不如说是拿破仑输了。
8. 如果一名企业家突然得到他想要的那么多钱，他会停止经营活动呢，还是会用这笔钱去开拓新的经营活动？历史表明，企业家多半会去开拓新的经营活动。
V、课外练习（将以下短文译成汉语，注意运用汉语汉语的表达优势使译文尽量通顺流畅）：
If an occupation census had been taken in the eleventh century it would probably have revealed that quite 90 percent of the people were country inhabitants who drew their livelihood from farming, herding, fishing or the forest. An air photograph taken at that time would have revealed spotted villages, linked together by unsurfaced roads and separated by expanses of forest or swamp. There were some towns, but few of them housed more than 10,000 persons. A second picture, taken in the mid-fourteenth century would show that the villages had grown more numerous and also more widespread, for Europeans had pushed their frontier outward by settling new areas. There would be more people on the roads, rivers and seas, carrying food or raw materials to towns which had increased in number, size and importance. But a photograph taken about 1450 would reveal that little further expansion had taken place during the preceding hundred years.
Any attempt to describe the countryside during those centuries is prevented by two difficulties. In the first place, we have to examine the greater part of Europe's 3,750,000 square miles, and not merely the Mediterranean lands. In the second place, the inhabitants of that wide expanse refuse to fit into our standard pattern or to stand still.
In 1450, most Europeans probably lived in villages, but some regions were so hilly, lacking in good soil, or heavily timbered that villages could not keep going, and settlement was that of solitary herdsmen or shepherds. Some areas had better access to market than others and were therefore more involved in commercial agriculture than in farming. Large landowners were more likely than small landlords to run their estates and especially their domains more systematically -- and also to keep those records from which we learn most of what we know about the subject. Some areas had never been quite feudalized; their farmers were more free from lordship and even from landlordship. Some regions had been recently settled, and their tenants had been offered liberal terms of tenure in order to lure them into the wilderness. Finally, there was a time element; the expansion and prosperity that characterized the period from the twelfth to the fifteenth century produced or maintained conditions which were unsuitable to the stormier days preceding or the lean ones following it.　 (384 words)
Unit 9
I、上次课外练习参考译文：
如果在11世纪作一项职业调查的话，也许会发现，竟有90％的人住在农村，依靠农耕、放牧、捕鱼或采伐谋生。当时如果拍下一张航摄照片的话，可以看到未经铺设的道路连接的散落村子，中间隔着一片片的森林或沼泽。也有几座城镇，但人口很少有超过一万的。在14世纪中叶再拍一张照片，可以看到村子的数目多了，分布也广了，因为欧洲人开辟了新的定居地区，从而拓展了疆域。道路上和江海上往来的人多了，他们把粮食或原料运往城镇。城镇的数目多了，规模大了，重要性也增加了。但是，如果在1450年前后拍一张照片的话，就会看到在此以前的几百年间几乎没有继续发展。
要想描写这几百年间农村的情形无法做到，困难有二。首先，我们必须观察的是欧洲375万平方英里的大部分地区，而不仅仅是地中海一带地方。其次，这一广阔地区的居民无法用我们的标准模式去进行划分，他们也不是一成不变。
1450年时可能大多欧洲人住在村落里，但有些地区山陵起伏，缺少沃土，或者砍伐过度，村落难以维持，只有一些孤独的牧民集居于此。有些地区通往集市的交通较其他地区方便，因而从事商业性农业多于单一耕作。大土地主比小地主更有可能对其地产，尤其是其领地，进行系统化的管理－－而且作了记载，使我们得以从中了解有关本课题的大部分情况。有些地区没有实施过多少封建统治，农民很少受到领主的管辖，甚至很少受到地主的管辖。有些地区是新定居地，对租地户提供宽松的租赁条件来吸引他们开垦荒地。最后一点是时代因素：作为12到15世纪时期特征的发展和繁荣所产生并具有的种种条件，并不适合在此之前的动荡岁月，也不适合在此之后的贫乏年代。
II、英汉翻译原理第四讲：怎样表达译文？（续）
二、要避免照搬英汉词典的释义：（续）
【例70】 The team is famous for its arsenal of veteran players.
【译文】 这个球队拥有众多经验丰富的老队员，很有名气。
【例71】 These new shoes squeak.
【译文】 这双新鞋走起路来咯吱咯吱响。
三、要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势：
【例72】 Whatever you like to eat, just tell me.
×无论你想吃什么东西，只要告诉我。
【译文】 想吃什么，只要告诉我。
【例73】 Even if you go there, there wouldn't be any result.
×即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。
【译文】 你去了也是白去。
【例74】 I grieve to leave Thornfield: I love Thornfield -- I love it, because I have lived in it a full and delightful life -- momentarily at least. I have not been trampled on. I have not been petrified. I have nor been burned with inferior minds, and excluded from every glimpse of communion with what is bright and energetic and high. I have talked, face to face with what I reverence, with what I delight in -- with an original, a vigorous, an expanded mind. I have known you, Mr. Rochester; and it strikes me with terror and anguish to feel I absolutely must be torn from you for ever. I see the necessity of departure; and it is like looking on the necessity of death.
【译文】 离开桑菲尔德，我黯然神伤：我爱此地－－因为此地曾有过一段充实愉悦的日子－－至少曾短时间有过。我没有遭人践踏，没有变得麻木，没有埋没于小人堆里，没有脱离过明媚灿烂、生机勃勃、高尚脱俗的一切，始终与之息息相通。在此曾经与一位十分崇敬、乐意与之交谈的人－－一位思想独创、精力充沛、心胸开阔的人－－直面倾谈。罗切斯特先生，与你相识了，却又一定要与你永远分离，想到此处令我既感恐惧又觉痛楚，犹如面对必将来临的死亡。
【例75】 Wounded as he was, it was wonderful how fast he could move, his grizzled hair tumbling over his face, and his face itself red with his haste and fury.
【译文】 他虽然受了伤， 动作却快得出奇，斑白的头发披散在脸前，脸也因气急败坏而涨得通红。
【例76】 As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. There is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his ambition.
【译文】 因为凯撒爱我，我为他哭泣；因为他幸运，我为他高兴；因为他英勇，我对他尊崇；但因为他有野心，我就刺杀了他。用眼泪汇报他的爱；用欢乐庆祝他的幸运；用尊崇纪念他的英勇；而用刺杀制止他的野心。
【例77】 A big nation has its problems while a small nation has its advantages.
【译文】 大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的好处。
【例78】 Foreign intervention will thus find justification.
×外国的干涉因此而找到正当的理由。
【译文】 外国的干涉因此而名正言顺。
【例79】 He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes were dim.
×他讲得很坚定，但脸色很凄伤，双眼闪出悲观的神情。
【译文】 他讲话时语气坚定，但面带愁容，眼神暗淡。
【例80】 He was but a man with many grey hairs, with a heavy burden of responsibility, of thoughts and worries.
×他已是长了许多灰发、肩负重任、心中充满思考和忧虑的人。
【译文】 他已是鬓发斑白，肩负重任，思绪万千，焦虑满怀。
【例81】 Gathering facts, confirming then, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings -- this is all the work of science.
×收集资料，对它们进行论证，提出理论，对它们进行检验，加上对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是全部的科学工作。
【译文】 收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是科学工作的全部内容。
III、课堂练习（将以下句子译成汉语，并注意运用汉语的表达优势使译文尽量通顺流畅）：
1. He intends to take an action in grand style.
2. He arrived on Sunday night, tired and dusty.
3. This type of marriage is characterized by constant conflict, tension, and bitterness.
4. The nation's tradition, its instincts, and its interest make it opposed to Germany.
5. Education suggests both the process and the result of developing the mind's capacity and scope.
6. Small talk is what friends make when standing around doing nothing. Small talk serves as a good ice breaker when people do not know each other.
7. Primary commodities constitute the determining factor of employment, income, living standards and government development expenditure in the vast majority of developing countries.
8. Under the moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans' ends -- valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 他想轰轰烈烈地大干一场。
2. 他星期日晚上到了，风尘仆仆，精疲力竭，
3. 这种婚姻关系的特点是冲突不断、关系紧张、怨恨不已。
4. 该民族的历史传统、民族本能和民众爱好都使其与德国势不两立。
5. 教育同时意味着培养智能和拓展视野的过程和结果。
6. 朋友们相聚无所事事的时候会闲谈，陌生人见面为打破沉寂的时候也会闲谈。
7. 初级商品对于大多数发展中国家都是关系到就业收入、生活水平和政府发展费用的决定性因素。
8. 按照这一道德戒律，我们应规避克隆人的做法，因为这种做法必然会造成把人作为他人达到目的的手段，把人看作一个个所爱之人的复制品，或者看作一组组的人体器官，而不是看作一个个具有独立人格的人。
V、课外练习（正确理解下列短文，并将其译成汉语）：
Science finds order and meaning in our experience, and sets about this in quite a different way. It sets about it as Newton did in the story which he himself told in his old age, and of which the schoolbooks give only a caricature.
In the year 1665, when Newton was twenty-two, the plague broke out in southern England, and the University of Cambridge was closed. Newton therefore spent the next eighteen months at home, removed from traditional learning, at a time when he was impatient for knowledge and, in his own phrase, "I was in the prime of my age for invention." In this eager, boyish mood, sitting one day in the garden of his widowed mother, he saw an apple fall.
What struck the young Newton at the sight was not the thought that the apple must be drawn to the earth by gravity; that conception was older than Newton. What struck him was the conjecture that the same force of gravity, which reaches to the top of the tree, might go on reaching out beyond the earth and its air, endlessly into space. Gravity might reach the moon: this was Newton's new thought; and it might be gravity which holds the moon in her orbit.
There and then he calculated what force from the earth would hold the moon, and compared it with the known force of gravity at tree height. The forces agreed; Newton says laconically, "I found the answer pretty nearly." Yet they agreed only nearly: the likeness and the approximation go together, for no likeness is exact. In Newton's science modern science is full grown. (272 words)
Unit 10
I、上次课外练习参考译文：
科学从经验中发现事物的法则和意义，而且发现的方法判然不同。科学发现的方法就如牛顿在晚年的自述中所讲述的方法，而这种方法在教科书里只有夸张的描述。
1665年牛顿22岁的时候，英格兰南部瘟疫爆发，剑桥大学关门了。于是以后的18个月牛顿就在家里度过。正值渴求知识之时却脱离了传统方式的学习。用他本人的话说，“当时我正处于发明创造的大好年华。”带着这种孩子气的迫切心情，有一天他坐在寡母的园子里，看到一只苹果掉落下来。
年轻的牛顿看到苹果掉落时，想到的不是苹果一定受到地球引力的作用而落到地面，那种想法早在牛顿之前就有了。他想到的是，到达树梢的这一地球引力有可能超越地球和大气层，继续向外延伸到漫无止境的空间。地球引力可能传到月球。这才是牛顿的新想法；也许正是地球引力才保持月球在轨道上的运行。
牛顿当即测算了地球要吸引住月球需要多大的力，并将其与果树高度的已知地球引力作了比较。两种力是一致的。牛顿扼要地说道：“我发现答案十分接近。”然而，两者之间只是接近而已：相似与接近是不可分割的，因为没有一种相似是绝对精确的。正是从牛顿的科学中现代科学才得到了充分的发展。
II、英汉翻译原理第四讲：怎样表达译文：（续）
四、要完整无遗地传达原文的意义：
【例82】 Before we can learn to appreciate those different from us, we must open our hearts to tolerance.
×在我们学会正确评价与自己不同的人之前，我们必须胸襟开阔，能够忍让。
【译文】 我们要心胸开阔，善于忍让，才能学会正确评价与自己不同的人。
【例83】 Any person not leaving litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of ￡5.
×凡不往这个篓内扔杂物者罚款5镑。
【译文】 杂物须扔入篓内，凡乱扔者罚款5镑。
【例84】 At the sight of Napoleon, the young Frenchman clicked his heels together.
×年青的法国人一见到拿破仑就把两只脚跟喀嚓并在一起。
【译文】 年青的法国士兵一见拿破仑就两脚喀嚓一声并拢，立正敬礼。
五、遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景：
【例85】 If a heavy body is to be lifted to a certain height, work must be done, or energy expended, equal to the weight of the body multiplied by the height through which it is raised.
【译文】 如果把重物举到一定高度，一定要做功或者消耗能；而这个功或能就等于物体重量乘以物体举起的高度。
【例86】 Sony's $3.4 billion deal for Columbia Pictures marks Japan's biggest U.S. takeover ever -- and adds to fears that it is "buying America" and taking an invincible lead in trade and technology.
【译文】 索尼公司用34亿美元买下了哥抡比亚电影公司，这是迄今为止日本对美国一笔金额最大的收购，而且使人们更加担心日本正在“收购美国”，正在贸易和技术方面不可阻挡地发挥着主导作用。
【例87】 The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north, and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.
【译文】 美国大陆东起大西洋西至太平洋，横跨4,500公里。北与加拿大接壤，南与墨西哥和墨西哥弯毗邻。
【例88】 Voting ballots are unsigned and marked by the voters in private booths so that no one else can find out for whom a citizen is voting.
【译文】 选票不记名，由选民在隔离的投票站里圈出被选举人，别人无法知道哪一位公民投了谁的票。
【例89】 That the vitamin is sensitive to light was recognized only later.
×维生素感光只是后来承认的。
【译文】 人们只是到后来才认识到维生素的光敏作用。
六、要善于运用各种翻译技巧：
【例90】 A change in the operating frequency is easily accomplished by operating a switch installed on a monitoring alarm.
【译文】 操作监视告警器上的开关，工作频率就会自然产生变化。
III、课堂练习（将以下句子译成汉语，译文表达应通顺流畅）：
1. The government left its policy open to various interpretations.
2. To see his likeness perpetuated in marble is to me today a sad but pleasing sensation.
3. I suppose he will be awfully proud, and that I shall be treated most contemptuously. Still I must bear my hard lot as well as I can.
4. The longest life and the shortest amount to the same. For the present is of equal duration for all, and what we lose is not ours.
5. Many Londoners believe that the city needs to have all its transport requirements looked at together to ensure that the entire transport system works as a single, efficient unit.
6. Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he was the first man to mass-manufacture it, and this made it available to the ordinary man.
7. The Labour government says that the private sector should take most, but not all, of the responsibility for public transport. In London, the underground railway system -- known as the "Tube" -- is likely to be where this policy is first put into practice.
8. It's raining, again. As I lie awake in bed, listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks, and a chill from within fills me with dread. It's raining, again.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 政府听任人们对其政策作各种解释。
2. 今天看到了他永垂不朽的大理石雕像，我悲喜交集。
3. 我猜他准是傲气十足，不把我放在眼里。尽管如此，我也只好尽量逆来顺受了。
4. 最长寿和最短暂的人生是相同的，因为目前这段时间对所有人来说都一样长，时间一旦失去就不再属于我们。
5. 许多伦敦人认为，伦敦需要对全部交通需求作通盘考虑，从而确保整个交通系统成为一个统一高效的运行机构。
6. 汽车不是亨利•福特发明的，但他却是大批量生产汽车的第一人，从而使普通老百姓能够拥有汽车。
7. 工党政府说，私营企业应承担起公共交通的大部分业务，而不是全部业务。这项政策可能首先在当地人称作“Tube”的伦敦地铁系统付诸实施。
8. 天，又下雨了。我躺在床上睡不着，听着雨点劈里啪啦地打着路面，思绪万千，恍恍惚惚地走进了幽暗的通道，脑际浮现出许多痛苦的往事，心里一阵冰凉，不由得毛骨悚然。天，又下雨了。
V、课外练习（将以下短文译成汉语，注意译文表达的通顺流畅）：
It was a bleak, rainy day, and I had no desire to drive up the winding mountain road to my daughter Carolyn's house. But she had insisted that I come see something at the top of the mountain.
Turning down a narrow track, we parked the car and got out. We walked along a path that was thick with old pine needles. Huge blackgreen evergreens towered over. Gradually the peace and silence of the place began to fill my mind. Then we turned a corner -- and I stopped and gasped in amazement.
From the top of the mountain, sloping for several acres across folds and valleys, were rivers of daffodils in radiant bloom. A profusion of color -- from the palest ivory to the deepest lemon to the most vivid salmon -- blazed like a carpet before us. It looked as though the sun had tipped over and spilled gold down the mountainside.
A riot of questions filled my mind. Who created such beauty? Why? How?
As we approached the home that stood in the center of the property, we saw a sign: ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS I KNOW YOU ARE ASKING. The first answer was: ONE WOMAN -- TWO HANDS, TWO FEET AND VERY LITTLE BRAIN. The second was: ONE AT A TIME. The third: STARTED IN 1958.
As we drove home, I was so moved by what we had seen I could scarcely speak. "She changed the world," I finally said, "one bulb at a time. She started almost 40 years ago, probably just the beginning of an idea, but she kept at it." The wonder of it would not let me go. "Imagine," I said, "if I'd had a vision and worked at it, jut a little bit every day, what might have I accomplished?"　 (299 words)