高考书面表达的高分策略

近几年的高考《考试说明》中,关于高考英语书面表达评分标准第五档(很好)中有这样一段话:"应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致。"这就是说,学生仅运用基础的词汇和基本的句型,不能体现出较强的语言运用能力,即使表达无语法错误,也不能得高分;相反有些错误,目的在有意识地使用复杂结构或较高级词汇,也不扣分,仍属于最高档次。高考把写作要求提到了这样一个高度,有利于反映学生的水平层次,有利于指导教学。原来"要点完整,语言无误,行文连贯,表达清楚"的标准就落后了。在平时的教学中,训练最多的,学生们也最习惯的是五种基本句型:①主语+谓语;②主语+谓语+宾语;③主语+谓语+间接宾语;④主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;⑤主语+谓语+宾语+补足语。用这些句型组织的句子单一、无生气,不能给人一种含金量高的审美享受。客观形势对我们提出了高难度的要求,我们怎样才能对书面表达进行科学的操作?怎样才能控制写作呢?下面拟就这一课题进行探讨,希望能给同学们以启迪,调动积极性,开拓思维,培养创新精神。
•         近几年高考书面表以应用文，记叙文为主，有时出现说明文或议论文．
★★.应试策略:
•         主题鲜明,文理通顺,语法正确,符合逻辑和英语的习惯表达,在能力允许的情况下,尽量使用复杂结构和高级词汇
(一)使用高级词汇,增加文章的亮点
1.合理使用动词,使之符合不同的语言风格
•         试比较:
•          Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our school! Now I’d like to introduce our school to you.
•          Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our school! Now I’d like to tell  you something about our school.
２．合理使用动词使表达更生动
试比较：
At the foot of the mountain, there was a small river.
At the foot of the mountain, there flowed a small river.
3.变换动词使表达更地道
试比较：
My parents and I are very pleased to invite you to stay at our home.
My parents and I are very pleased to have you with us.
４．合理使用动词能增强表达的逻辑性
试比较
We may be one family and live under the same roof, but we don’t get much time to talk together.
We may be one family and live under the same roof, but we don’t seem to get much time to talk together.
5.巧妙使用动词短语增加表达的新颖性
•          I used to like reading and writing poems at middle school.
•          I used to take delight in reading and writing poems at middle school.
6.使用助动词增强文章的感染色彩
I went there but I didn’t see you.
I did go there but I didn’t see you.
．适当使用替代词，同位语，介词短语，形容词短语，非谓语动词等，使语言更精练．
•          试比较：
•          1.So the missing money still must be in the other jacket, the jacket that you were wearing yesterday.
•          So the missing money still must be in the other jacket, the one that you were wearing yesterday.（０４年北京高考）
•          2.Do you think you’d like it? If you don’t like it, I can try and find another place for you.
Do you think you’d like it? If not, I can try and find another place for you.  (2003NMET
•          3.I’ve found a place for you. It’s a small flat of 25 square meters, which has a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen.
I’ve found a place for you. It’s a small flat of 25 square meters, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen.   (2003NMET)
4.We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening and watch TV, play games, and meet people.
We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening , watching TV, playing games, and meeting people.
（二）变换句式，使表达丰富多彩
•          １．用并列连词把意义相关的几个句子连起来，避免句子冗长累赘，松散无力，使句子凝炼，层次清晰
•          1.I was walking along Park Road towards the east. At that time, an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.
•          I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street. (2000NMET)
•          2.The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.
The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, and it/which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.
•          2.试着改变句子的开头，不要一味地都是主语开头，接着是谓语，宾语，最后加一个状语．要灵活应用倒装句，强调句，主从复合句，分词状语等，这样能增加文章的节奏和韵律美．
•          (1)We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.
•          Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.
•          (2)Our brave Ah Fu had saved my little sister.
•          It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister.
•         ３．在整篇文章中,避免只使用一两个句型,要灵活运用各种语法结构,使文章有声有色
一、改变时态
•          例:The bell is ringing now.(一般)       There goes the bell! (高级)
二、改变语态
例:People suggest that the conference be put off.(一般)
It is suggested that the conference be put off. (高级)
三、使用不定式
•          例:He is so kind that he can help me.(一般)     He is so kind as to help me.(高级)
四、使用过去分词
•          例:①She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.(一般)
Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.(高级)
•          ②Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.(一般)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.(高级)
五、使用V-ing形式
•          例:①When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.(一般)
•          On arriving/his arrival, please give me an e-mail.(高级)
•          ②If the weather permits, I'll come tomorrow.(一般)
•          I'll come tomorrow, weather permitting.(高级)
六、使用名词性从句
•          例:①It disappointed everybody that he didn't turn up.(一般)
•          The fact that he didn't turn up disappointed everybody.(高级)
•          ②I happened to have met him.(一般)
It happened that I had met him.(高级)
•          ③To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.(一般)
•          What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many　things.　(高级)
七、使用定语从句
•          例:The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.(一般)
The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.(高级)
八、使用状语从句
•          例:①I won't believe what he says.(一般)
No matter what he says, I won't believe.(高级)
•          　②If you come back before six o'clock, you can go out.(一般)
You can go out on condition that(provided that) you come back before six o'clock.(高级)
•          ③If she doesn't agree, what shall we do?(一般)
Supposing that she doesn't agree, what shall we do?(高级)
•
以下四种手段是增加句子复杂性的常见方法，也是得高分的“亮点”。
1.改变句子的开头方式，不要一味地都是主语开头，接着是谓语、宾语，最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置于句首，或用分词做状语等。
•          ［原文］The young man couldn't help crying when he heard the bad news.
•          ［修正］Hearing the bad news，the young man couldn't help crying.
2.在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等
•          ①强调句
•          ［原文］My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It had saved my little sister bravely.
•          ［修正］My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister bravely.(93’)
•          It is English and computer classes that I like best．（NMET96 书面表达参考范文片段）
•          析：该句出色运用了强调句型，表达了我对英语和电脑特别喜欢的愉快之情，使文章上升了一个档次。
•         感叹句可以抒发内心强烈的感情色彩，适当运用感叹句可以有效增强文章的情感性、感染性和感召性，从而震撼读者内心，引起读者共鸣。
•          感叹句比较适合用于对人物或单位介绍结束后，情不自禁地对被介绍对象加以赞扬。
•          How time flies！（NMET98 书面表达参考范文片段）
•          析：该句巧妙运用了感叹句，表达了对时间飞逝的遗憾之情。
•          ②由what等引导的从句，此处的what相当于中文的“所……”，有很大的概括力，如:
•          ［原文］We had to stand there to catch the offender.
•          ［修正］What we had to do was (to) stand there， trying to catch the offender.
•           What China has achieved in recent years is known through the world.
•           China is no longer what it used to be.
•          ③由with或without引导的短语。如:He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand.④分词短语。如:Satisfied with the result， he decided to go on with a new experiment.
•           ⑤倒装句。如:Only in this way can we achieve our goal.
•          Never before have I seen such a wonderful film.
•          ⑥省略句    如:If so， victory will be ours.
•          You can make some changes wherever necessary.
•          ⑦　对比，这是中文中也常用的方法如:
•          When I play，I feel excited，and after it I feel relaxed.
•          ８。 such as列举句型是使用场合最广的句型，该句型结构精巧，对称协调，是一个难得的好句型，而且只要有强烈的使用意识，同学们在绝大多数高考中都可让其一展风采。
•          不过such as句型的技术含量高，一定要稔熟其用法。such as列举句型往往用来强调人或物的个数多，需要不完全列举所有事例。该句型使用时前边先用一个总述句说明人或物的个数多，后边列举二至五个不等的并列成分，这些并列成分应短小精炼，对称协调，通常为一个词或一个短语，而不能为一个句子。
•          I studied quite a few subjects such as Chinese，maths，English，physics，chemistry and computer．（NMET96书面表达参考范文片段）
•          析：该句用such as列举句型说明了我的学习科目很多，而且结构巧妙，对称和谐。
•          I can follow my own interests such as reading books，visiting museums and taking computer lessons．（NMET2001 书面表达参考范文片段）
•          析：该句巧妙运用了such as列举句型，结构精巧工整，意义明确协调，堪称上乘佳句
•          ９。with ＋名词＋复合宾语句型的恰当使用也可以增加被描绘内容的生动性和趣味性，从而增强文章的感染性，该句型适合对细节性动作进行描绘。
•          My brother was riding with me sitting on the seat behind．（NMET97 书面表达参考范文片段）
•          析：该句巧用了“with ＋名词＋复合宾语”句型作伴随状语，形象地描绘了我兄弟载我骑车时的“潇洒”姿态，暗示着他这次违章载人难逃警察的干预。
•          10. Such be总结句型适合使用于人物／单位介绍式书面表达的末尾对人物或单位进行总结，只要做有心人，在高考中使用该句型的可能性也是很大的。
•          Such be后边需接名词，名词后边需接同位语，同位语和被修饰名词之间常用逗号隔开。
•          Such is Sun Shuwei，a hardworking and successful diving star．（MET91 书面表达参考范文片段）
•          Such is our present life，a happy and colorful one．（NMET2001 书面表达参考范文片段）
•          析：该句巧用了Such be总结句型，表达了减负后学校生活的重大变化，使读者对减负给学校生活带来的变化有了一个更全面、更准确的了解。
•          3.通过分句和合句，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。
•           ［原文］He stopped us half an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.
•           ［修正］He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.
•          ［原文］We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.
•          ［修正］After a short rest， we had great fun singing and dancing，telling jokes and playing chess.
4.学会使用过渡词。如:
•          ①递进: then(然后)， besides(还有)， furthermore(而且)， moreover(此外)等。
•          ②转折: however(然而)， but(但是)， on the country(相反)， after all(毕竟)等。
•          ③总结: finally(最后)， at last(最后)， in brief(总之)， in conclusion(最后)等。
•          ④强调: indeed(确实)， certainly(一定)， surely(确定)， above all(尤其)等。
•          ⑤对比: in the same way(同样地)， just as(正如)， on one hand…on the other hand(一方面……另一方面……)等。
•          5.注意使用不同长度的句子。
二、对于“较复杂的词汇”，可以从以下几个方面着手。
•           1.注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。如:
•          ［原文］A new railway is being built in my hometown.
•          ［修正］A new railway is under construction in my hometown.(under repair; under discussion; under treatment…)
•
•          2.使用一些很有“洋味”的单词。如:
•          Thank you for sharing the time with us.
•          The way he views the world is very practical.
•           3.避免重复使用某一单词或短语。如:
•           ［原文］I like reading while my brother likes watching television.
•           ［修正］I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.
•          ４使用高级词汇(1)As a result the plan was a failure.
The plan turned out to be a failure. （高级）
(2)She went to Australia in order to study music. （一般）
She went to Australia for the purpose of studying music.
（高级）
(3)Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.（一般）
Thanks to the good weather,our journey was comfortable.  （高级）
近年来,高考书面表达在语言的运用以及答题规范化等方面对考生提出了更高的要求,一篇语言平淡、答题不够规范的书面表达作品,很难在考试中取得较高档次的分数. 让我们结合高考新的要求以及2003年高考试题分析,谈一谈书面表达拿高分应掌握的一些要领.
•         　　一、试题原题(2003高考)
•         　　假设你是李华,你的英国笔友Bob将于九月到你所在城市的建新华文学校学中文,来信请你在学校附近为他找一套住房.请根据图画提供的信息,写信介绍住房的情况,并告知住房面积为25平方米,月租500元. (图略)
•         注意:1.词数:100左右;
•         　　　2.参考词汇:房租rent(n.).
•         　　Dear Bob,
•         　　____________________________
•         　　____________________________
•         　　Yours,
•         　　Li Hua
•         二、试题分析及答题要领
•         　　2003年高考书面表达题在试题设计上命题者可谓匠心独具.试题所提供素材为一篇图画,其形式为书信,体裁为说明文,要求以书信的形式将图画所提供的信息表达出来.该题综合能力强,集看图、书信、说明为一体,既考查考生的看图说话能力,又考查考生的书信及说明文的写作能力.为了达到试题要求,实现预期的写作目的,答题时应做到:
1.审题要认真
•         　　审题是下笔写作之前的重要步骤.应根据汉语提示及图中所给信息,弄清题意,明确要求,以满足高考"切中题意"这一要求.
•         1)审题材,把握所提供的信息,以防遗漏要点.
•         　　今年的书面表达题材为一篇图画,属看图作文题.在题型的设计上,看图作文通常是以文字(中文或英文)和图画两种形式作为提示的.审题时不仅要审"文",还要审"图".另外,要善于观察,充分领会图画的设计意图,把握图画表达的主题,并通过分析、思考、合理想象,将图意清楚地表达出来.
•         2)审体裁,以满足文体的写作要求.
•         　　该题体裁为说明文,将公寓及公寓与学校的位置关系介绍给笔友Bob.写作时应按照说明文的要求来写,表达时要求条理清楚,语言准确、通顺.另外,应注意说明的顺序和方法.
•         3)审格式,写好开头及结尾.
•         　　该题要求用书信的形式将图画所提供的信息表达清楚.呼语及结尾客套语等格式已给出,应重点把握好两头(开场及结束语),开头应开门见山,将写信的目的交待清楚.结尾应简短有力,紧扣主题,做到首尾呼应.
2.内容要完整
•         　　内容要点是否齐全是高考评分时确定一篇书面表达档次的重要标准.通过认真审题,仔细读图,确定该文要点如下:
•         1)开头(表达能与笔友见面的兴奋之情);
•         2)公寓的面积(25平方米)及房间的分布(包括卧室、浴室和厨房);
•         3)卧室摆设情况(包括床、沙发、书桌和椅子等);
•         4)月租(500元);
•         5)公寓的位置以及与建新华文学校的位置关系(芳草街,距学校一站地);
•         6)结尾(询问对方对公寓的看法,并希望得到答复).
•         3.语言要简练、得体
•         　　一般来说,高考对书面表达的词数都有明确具体的要求,本文要求词数在100左右.内容要合乎英语习惯.如写本文开头时,应符合英文书信的要求.试比较:
•         　　原句:I'm so glad to have received your letter. In your letter you said you would come to China to study Chinese in September. I know that you wanted to rent a flat and I've found one for you. I wonder whether you would like it.(45个词)
•         　　修正:I'm very glad to learn that you're coming in September. I've found a flat for you.(16个词)
•         　　分析:英文书信讲究开门见山,直截了当.原句虽没有语言错误,但显得很啰嗦.如果用这样的冗言赘句来表达,很难在规定的字数范围内将短文的全部要点写完;修正句为高考所提供范文的开场语,仅仅16字,简洁、明了且合乎英文书信习惯.
•         4.表达方式要灵活多样
•         　　内容要点的表达要灵活,在组织语言材料及选择句式上可以采用不同的方式,切忌用词重复,句式单一.
•         　　内容要点、词汇应用和语法结构的数量和准确性是高考评分时的主要"采分点".因此,在有把握的情况下,使用一些高级词汇和较为复杂的句式,无疑会增强表达效果.试比较在表达公寓的位置(要点4)时,不同的表达法产生的不同表达效果:
•         原句:The flat is in a tall building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. Bus No. 11 will take you straight to the school. It's only one stop away.(四个短句)
•         修正:The flat is on the third floor of a tall building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School, and Bus No. 11 will take you straight to the school. In fact, it's only one stop away.
•         分析:从语法以及用词上看,原句无可挑剔,但句子长度大体相同,而且都是短句,读起来平淡无味.修正句分别使用了所学的定语从句及并列句将简单句合并,而结尾过渡词语In fact的妙用,可谓点睛之笔.与前文相比,读起来感觉大不相同了.
•         5.过渡要自然、连贯
•         　　语言的连贯性是从语言的组织及衔接上对语言的运用提出的较高的要求.为了达到这一要求,写作时应合理、有效地使用各种连接或过渡性词语,使整篇文章前后连贯、过渡自然;结构紧凑、逻辑性强.下面的句子引自2002年高考书面表达题所提供的参考答案,注意文中的连接及过渡.
•         Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.
•         On the other hand, 40% think that... (2002高考)
•         6.检查修改要到位
•         　　检查修改是书面表达解题过程中必不可少的一个重要环节.检查修改的原则是大处着眼,小处着手.具体应从词法、句法、语篇三个方面入手仔细检查并进行认真修改:
•         　　1)从词法角度入手.主要检查词汇的运用是否妥当;拼写是否有误;名词、代词的数和格是否正确;词性是否混淆;词与词之间是否"搭配不当";用词是否重复等.
•         　　2)从句法角度入手.主要检查句子结构是否完整;动词时态、语态是否正确;主谓是否一致等.
•         　　3)从语篇角度入手.主要检查文体格式是否正确;词数是否符合要求;要点是否齐全;上下文是否连贯、符合逻辑等.
•         　　注意:检查、修改整个过程应在草拟稿上完成.答题时,切忌在答好的试卷上乱涂乱改.这样做会影响卷面整洁,因此而失分.
•         7.书写要规范
•         　　高考书面表达对答卷的书写问题有明确具体的要求.整洁干净的卷面,规范、美观的字体会给阅卷者好的印象,可以得到"印象分".因此,在考试中同学们应将单词写好,千万不能因为书写问题影响自己的得分.建议答题时先打好草稿,然后将所写短文工整、清楚地抄在试卷上.