十大世界上最著名的政治犯

他们因政治活动而被投入囹圄，或死亡，或被释放，或仍处圜土。不过，当其他人从监牢中只看到泥泞和煎熬时，他们看到的是光明与希冀。从韩国的异议者到核子专家，经由瓦科拉夫·哈维尔，看看世界上最著名的政治犯吧。

10 Kim Dae-jung

10.金大中

Kidnapped from a hotel room in Tokyo by members of KICA, General Park’s notorious spy agency in 1973, Kim Dae-Jung was brought to his Seoul residence, only to be placed under house arrest. Through his decades long struggle for democracy and human rights in his homeland, Kim saw his country swap one dictator for another, until the great liberator, financial crisis, brought him to power. The years of exile in America had secured him many admirers, and he tried to use that leverage to bring about that same fate for his brothers in the north, but not even an embrace from Kim Jong Il at Pyongyang prevented him from being voted out.

金大中于1973年在东京的一所旅馆被朴正熙手下声名狼藉的特务机构韩国国家情报局绑架，送回他在首尔的居所实施软禁。在他数十年间在祖国争取民主与人权的过程中，金大中眼见自己的国家迎来一个又一个独裁者，直到强大的解放者——经济危机——将他送上权力巅峰。在其流亡美国期间，他赢得了众多支持者，而且金大中试图运用手中力量令北方的邻国也走上相同的道路，但是即使是金二胖来自朝鲜的拥抱也未能使他免遭败选。

9 Yasser Arafat

9.亚瑟·阿拉法特

No one person could inspire such conflicting feelings like Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini. To some, he exemplified resistance, a man who turned a fledgling, rag-tag movement into a world renowned organisation, with sole responsibility for the Palestinians. To others, he was a vile terrorist with little respect for human rights. Towards the very end, though, his inability to make peace jeopardized his credibility as a statesman and the Israeli government besieged his home in Ramallah. It was from there that the gallant leader, once the face of a dispossessed people, still defiant, led his people . He was allowed to go to Paris for medical treatment, but he returned home only to be buried.

没有人能像穆罕默德·阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼·阿卜杜勒·拉乌夫·阿拉法特·阿尔-古德瓦·阿尔-侯赛因那样，给人以如此矛盾的印象。对于有些人来说，他象征着抵抗，将寂寂无名的乌合之众变为一个举世皆知的组织，巴勒斯坦人民的大救星。而在另一些人看来，他是一名对人权鄙之如夷的邪恶恐怖分子。最终，无法促成和平将作为政治家的阿拉法特陷于无信，以色列政府包围了他在拉马拉的住所。这位一度作为流亡者代表的勇健领袖仍然充满斗志，在包围中领导他的人民。他得到许可赴巴黎就医，重返故乡时魂灵已逝。

8 Xanana Gusmao

8 夏纳纳·古斯芒

A modern day cross between the zeal and idealism of Che Guevara and the courage and integrity of Nelson Mandela, Xanana Gusmao spearheaded East Timor’s independence movement from Portugal, and later from Indonesia. Arrested in November, 1992, on charges of subversion and illegal possession of firearms, Gusmao began on a journey to free his people from Indonesian occupation. Superbly aided by Jose Ramos Horta, Gusmao was able to bring the plight of his people to worldwide attention. No amount of torture and intimidation could break the man, and he came out stronger than ever. His release, in 1999, was the precedent to a referendum and, eventually, to independence.

在当代交织着切·格瓦拉的洋洋热情和理想主义与纳尔逊·曼德拉的无穷勇气和诚实廉正，夏纳纳·古斯芒领导了东帝汶从葡萄牙和印尼手中得到独立的运动。古斯芒于1992年11月以颠覆国家和私藏枪支的名义被捕，他开始了带领人民自印尼的占领中获得自由的漫漫道路。在约瑟·拉莫斯·奥塔的大力协助下，古斯芒得以使其人民经历的困境引起全世界的关注。即使再大的拷问和威胁也不无法摧折这个人物，而他因此变得益发强大。1999年，古斯芒得到释放，成为了公投的先例，并最终赢得了（国家）独立。

7 Mordechai Vanunu

7.莫迪凯·瓦努努

For a man of such rigorous discipline, Mordechai Vanunu was trapped by the most elementary of methods. The trial was a clandestine affair and, not surprisingly, landed him in prison for eighteen years, eleven of which were spent in solitary confinement. His release has not brought about much relief, and a broad array of restrictions are imposed on his speech and movement. What did he do? He exposed Israel’s nuclear program.

作为一个有着严格纪律的人，莫迪凯·瓦努努在阴沟里翻了船。（被抓捕后）审判时秘密进行的，不出意料，结果他被判处18年徒刑，其中11年单独关押。获释并未带来些许安慰，而且他的言论和行动受到极大的限制。那么他干了什么呢？瓦努努泄露了以色列的核计划。

（译者：与这个榜上其他的人相比，这人和事有点不伦不类）

6 Vaclav Havel

6 瓦科拉夫·哈维尔

“If you want to see your plays performed the way you wrote them, become president” said Vaclav Havel. If anybody would know, it would be him. Vaclav Havel transitioned from a writer of plays to the writer of his country’s destiny. When the Prague Spring ushered in Czechoslovakia’s winter of discontent, Havel scripted the Charter 77 manifesto, co-founded the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Persecuted and endured imprisonment with fellow artists. It is from prison- ‘the great school of self control’ – that the man demonstrated the potential of artists to shape the collective consciousness of a people, and thus alter the direction of a country for posterity.

“如果你想让戏确实照着剧本演，那就得当总统了。”瓦科拉夫·哈维尔语。也只有他能知晓其中缘由。瓦科拉夫·哈维尔从一个戏剧作家变为了国家命运的书写者。当布拉格之春引起了捷克斯洛伐克的严酷寒冬，哈维尔为之撰写了77宪章（Charter 77）宣言，合著者还有“保护非法受害者委员会”（the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Persecuted），这些同道的艺术家饱受牢狱之苦。正是从监狱——“自制的大学”——之中，他身体力行了艺术家塑造人们集体思想的潜力，因而改变了一个国家的道路。2

（我想到本朝类似的一个事件了，太阳底下从无新鲜事..）

5 Mahatma Gandhi

5 圣雄甘地

‘Yeravda’ was the reply given by Mahatma Gandhi when asked about his address by a British interrogator. He wasn’t misinformed. In fact, India’s independence struggle was forged from the prison walls by the political mastermind, whose ideals of non violent civil disobedience brought about the end of British imperialism. Gandhi was unfazed by mortar, brick and stone. He successfully transformed the prison from a place of derision to a center of festive reunion, never flinching to return to captivity.

“耶拉夫达”（Yeravda），这就是一名英国审问者在问到他的住所时，甘地给出的回答。他并没有说错。事实上，印度争取的独立正是由这位具有非暴力不合作运动理想的政治大师在狱中锻造得来，最终将英帝国主义推向末日。面对坚墙铁壁，甘地毫不畏惧。他成功地将监狱由嘲笑的圜土变为节日的欢土，从不惧怕重回监牢。

4 Bobby Sands

4 鲍比·桑兹

Invasion of the British consulate in Ghent. Balloons filled with tomato sauce hurled at the queen. Condolences from Tehran and Delhi. Just some of the many reactions observed when a twenty seven year old Irishman died of a hunger fast after sixty six days in Long Kesh. The whole objective of the fast was to get political prisoner status. Margret Thatcher thought otherwise, branding the IRA sympathizer as a rabble-rouser, and Bobby went to his grave smiling.

闯入根特英国领事馆；向英女王（的画像）投掷装满番茄酱的气球；从德黑兰和德里传来的慰问。这些只是一个27岁的爱尔兰人在朗肯谢（Long Kesh）监狱（绝食）66天死亡后见到的一小部分反应。绝食的全部目的在于恢复政治犯的地位。撒切尔可不这么想，她将爱尔兰共和军的同情者看作一群乌合暴民，而鲍比则微笑着走向死亡。

3 Andrei Sakharov

3 安德烈·萨哈罗夫

History will be kind to Andrei Sakharov. Indeed, he had the advantage of scripting it as the father of the Soviet H-bomb, dissident and a political prisoner. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a man who knew a thing or two about the prison system in the Soviet union, wrote that a “miracle occurred when Andrei Sakharov emerged in the Soviet state, among the swarms of corrupt, venal, unprincipled intelligentsia.” Growing increasingly disillusioned with the incompatibility of the state mechanism, with the principles of individual liberty and human understanding, Sakharov made his ideas known to the world.’Our country, like every modern state, needs profound democratic reforms.’ he said, ‘It needs political and ideological pluralism, a mixed economy and protection of human rights and the opening up of society.’ The party exiled him to that obscure city of Gorky, but his legend only aggravated, culminating in his release in 1986. By then,  Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov had paved the way for the democratization of the Soviet Union by simply refusing to yield.

历史会善待安德烈·萨哈罗夫。确实，他因作为苏联氢弹之父、持异议者与政治犯而标榜史册。对苏联监狱体系颇为熟稔的亚历山大·索尔尼仁琴写道，“安德烈·萨哈罗夫是腐朽堕落、唯利是图、毫无原则的苏联知识界中盛开的一朵奇芭”。无法相安于举国体制，伴随着个人自由、人类理智的信念，萨哈罗夫渐渐体悟，并使得自己的观念为世界所知。“我们的国家，正像是所有的现代国家一样，需要深远的民主改革，”他说道，“需要政治和意识形态的多元化，（国私）混合经济，对人权的保障以及开放的社会。”党把他流放到了偏远城市高尔基，但他却声名日隆，最终在1986年得到释放。从那时起，安德烈·萨哈罗夫坚持为苏联民主化铺路架桥。

2 Aung San Suu Kyi

2 昂山素姬

If success is a journey and not a destination, then Suu Kyi is a living embodiment of accomplishment. Because, through her two decade long struggle to bring democracy to Burma, she has maintained that the quintessential revolution is that of the spirit. Branded as a ‘terrorist’ by the junta and placed under house arrest since 1990, the leader of the National League for Democracy has handled her ordeal with extraordinary grace and dignity. At the age of sixty four, her zeal has not diminished, and her people march to that elusive quest of freedom and democracy.

如果胜利在于过程而非结果，昂山素姬就是一段丰功伟绩活生生的例证。因为，在二十载为缅甸争取民主的历程中，她坚持革命的精髓在于内心的革命。被军政府称作“恐怖分子”，从1990年起遭软禁，这位全国民主联盟（the National League for Democracy）的领导人以非凡的高贵和尊严面对遭受的折磨。年值六十四时，她心中的热火仍未熄灭，她的人民也走上了艰难追寻自由与民主的道路。

1 Nelson Mandela

1 纳尔逊·曼德拉

‘Bring Back Nelson Mandela, Bring him back home to Soweto, I want to see him walking hand in hand with Winnie Mandela’, sang Hugh Masekela, a renowned anti-apartheid artist. Tried and convicted in the Rivonia trial for sabotage against the apartheid government, the black nationalist leader was deemed too dangerous to walk the streets of South Africa for twenty seven years, his demand for a non racial South Africa too much to bear. Masekela got his wish on the 11th of February, 1990. Mandela emerged from Victor-verster prison, a face until then unrecognizable to most South Africans, to a warm welcome from the teeming multitude who had come to catch a glimpse of their messiah. He then addressed a crowd at Cape Town by raising his arm and clenching his fist-the power salute which the world is now so accustomed to-and cried ‘Amandla, Amandla.’ The Jordan it seemed, had been crossed.

“带回纳尔逊·曼德拉，把他带回索韦托的家，我想看着他与温妮·曼德拉携手漫步，”知名的反种族隔离艺术家休·麦塞克勒唱道。因反抗种族隔离政府而在瑞弗尼亚审判（Rivonia trial）中被定罪，这位黑人民族主义领袖在长达27年的时间里不得自由，他有关一个没有种族歧视的南非的要求也成为不能承受之重。1990年2月11日，曼德拉如愿走出维克托-维斯特监狱，直到那时起这张普普通通的南非面孔，受到了那些瞥见自己救世主的群众的热烈欢迎。接着他向开普敦的人群扬臂致意，紧握拳头——这个充满力量的敬礼现在已为全世界所熟知——并大声呼喊“政权，政权！”仿佛飞越了约旦河一般。