10年大学英语四级巅峰阅读培训(第2讲)

第一讲：4种形式考查对主旨大意的把握之2 　文章的标题 
　　解题技巧： 
　　标题能直接反映主题。选择文章标题就是对文章主题的判断。需要注意的是，文章的主题常常是以句子的形式表达出来的，而标题则常常以名词词组的形式来表达。选择标题的过程一半是这样的：充分理解原文，找出文章主题句或归纳文章主旨，然后以名词词组的形式表达出来。  
　　练习：
　　Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? 
　　Among the agruments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian(百姓的) Clothes. People have been come conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a  garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 
　　Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. 
　　Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retiremen. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least. Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes. 
　　Q: The best title for this passage would be ____________. 
　　A. Uniforms and Society 
　　B. The Importance of Wearing a Uniform 
　　C. Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform 
　　D. Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms.            
　　【解析】选D。本文分三部分。第一段提出话题：uniform。以下四段中，每一段的第一句都是该段的主题句。第2、3段是说制服的好处，最后两段是说制服的缺点。理解了全文的结构和各段的内容后，可知文章的主题是：制服有优点也有缺点。所以选D  4种形式考查对主旨大意的把握之3 　文章的写作目的  
　　解题技巧：  
　　写作目的是文章的主旨。任何文章都有一个写作目的。如果说文章的主题是客观地存在与文章中的，那么文章的写作目的则代邮明显的作者的主观色彩。判断写作目的，必须弄清楚作者对于文章主题（人或事物）的态度。  
　　练习：  
　　Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, who would rather try switching to “light” beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that less than one-fourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.  
　　In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure charts: for example, one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off the 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry(小甜饼). Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. “Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight,” says York Onnen, program director of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.  
　　Still, exercise’s supporting role in weight reduction is vital. A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight. 
 　　If you have been sedentary and decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year’s time, assuming no increase in food intake, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight.  
　　Q: What is the author’s purpose in writing this article?  
　　A. To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center.  
　　B. To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight.  
　　C. To support the statement made by York Onnen.    
　　D. To show the most effective way to lose weight.              
　　【解析】选D。文章第一句是全文的主题句：锻炼是长期保持合理体重的少数几个有效手段之一。后面讲了人们对于这一点的无知。第二段讲不进行锻炼减肥的人的效果并不好。最后一段说锻炼其实很简单，走路就可以达到目的。所以文章的写作目的是D“介绍最有效的减肥方法。”