【科普】图文并茂-12种逃避糖尿病并发症的方法 - 丁香园论坛-医学/药学/生命科学论坛

12 Tips to Avoid Diabetes Complications
12种避免糖尿病并发症的小窍门

Choose Carbs Carefully
Diabetes doesn't mean you have to cut carbs completely. Choose carbohydrates that break down in the body slowly, providing steady energy. Reach for whole grains, beans, nuts, and fresh vegetables and fruits. Yes, you can eat fruit even though it's sweet. It's about eating the right amounts of carbohydrates at each meal. A registered dietitian can help you learn how much is right for you.
小心选择碳水化合物
患糖尿病并不意味着你必须完全杜绝碳水化合物。你可以选择那些消化比较慢，能稳定提供能力支持的碳水化合物。可以选一些全麦食品、豆类、坚果及新鲜水果蔬菜。没错，你可以吃甜水果。关键是每餐摄入碳水化合物的量要控制。注册营养师可以帮忙确定你应该控制在多少量合适。

Lose Weight if You Need To
Start small. Shedding just 10 to 15 pounds can cut your risk of complications from diabetes. It'll help lower your blood sugar and blood pressure, and improve your blood fats. You'll also have more energy. Ready? Aim to burn more calories than you eat. To start, try cutting one high fat food from your diet such as chips or fries.
减肥，如果需要的话
开始变瘦吧。减掉10~15磅可以减少你患糖尿病并发症的风险。有助于降低血糖和血压，并改善血脂情况。同时，也会使你变的更有精力。真的会这样吗?记住， 每天消耗的热量要高于摄入量。现在就开始吧，从你的饮食中去掉一项高脂食物，像炸薯片或炸薯条之类。

Get Enough Sleep
Skimping on sleep can boost your blood glucose levels and encourage cravings for high-carb foods. That can lead to weight gain, increasing your risk for complications such as heart and kidney disease. So shoot for seven or eight hours of sleep a night. If you have sleep apnea, treating it can improve your sleep and lower your blood sugar levels.
保证充足的睡眠
睡眠不足会使血糖升高，并增加你对高碳水化合物食品的食欲。这样会导致体重增加，心脏疾病和肾脏疾病等并发症风险升高。因此每晚保证7-8小时的睡眠。如果你存在失眠，那么尽早治疗会改善你的睡眠质量并降低你的血糖水平。

Be Active: Exercise and Diabetes
Pick something you like -- walking, dancing, biking, or just marching in place while you're on the phone. Do it a half-hour a day; work up to that if you need to. Exercise can help you lower your cardiovascular risks, cholesterol, and blood pressure levels, and keep your weight down. Exercise also relieves stress and may help you cut back on diabetes medication.
多活动：运动与糖尿病
选择你喜欢的运动，如散步、跳舞、骑自行车或者只是在打电话时原地走动。每天半小时，如果需要可以增大运动量。运动有助于降低心血管风险、降低胆固醇和血压，还可以减少体重。同时也能缓解压力，及可能有助于减少降糖药的使用。

Monitor Your Blood Sugar Daily
You know you're supposed to check it. And actually checking your blood glucose levels can help you avoid diabetes complications, like nerve pain, or keep them from getting worse. Checking it can also help you see how foods and activities affect you, and if your treatment plan is working. Your doctor can help you set a target glucose level range. The closer you get to your target, the better you'll feel.
每日监测血糖
你知道你必须这么做。事实上监测血糖有助于避免糖尿病并发症(如神经痛)或防止这些并发症加重。监测血糖同时也有助于了解食物及运动对血糖的影响，以及治疗计划是否有效。医生可以帮你确定一个目标血糖范围。越接近这个目标值，身体状态就越好。

Manage Stress
When you have diabetes, stress can cause your blood glucose levels to rise. Get rid of whatever physical or mental stresses you can. Learn coping techniques to deal with others. Relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises, yoga, and meditation may be especially effective if you have type 2 diabetes.
控制压力
当你罹患糖尿病时，紧张焦虑会导致血糖升高。尽可能的摆脱身体或精神压力。学习一些人际交往技巧。如果你患有2型糖尿病，一些放松练习，如呼吸练习、瑜伽及药物等尤其有效。

Say No to Salt
Reduce the salt in your diet. It may help lower blood pressure and protect your kidneys. Not salting the food on your plate may not be enough. Most of the salt in Americans' diets comes from processed foods. Avoid convenience foods and use fresh ingredients when you can. Season with herbs and spices instead of salt when you cook.
限盐
减少饮食中盐摄入量。这样有助于降低血压，保护肾脏。只是食物不加盐并不够。美国人的饮食中大部分的盐分来自加工食品。情况允许时，尽量选择新鲜料材，避免速食食品。烹调时，用调味料和香料代替盐。

Heart Disease Risk and Diabetes
Heart disease can be a serious diabetes complication. Keep an eye on your risk by getting these ABCs checked:
A1C level. This is a measure of your average blood sugar control for the last 2-3 months. You may need it checked two or more times a year. Talk to your doctor about setting a goal.
Blood pressure. Goal: below 130/80 mm Hg.
Cholesterol. Goal: LDL below 100 mg/dl; HDL above 40 mg/dl; and triglycerides below 150 mg/dl.

心脏疾病风险与糖尿病
心脏疾病是一种严重的糖尿病并发症。根据下列项目检查自己的风险因素：
A.  A1C水平。该指标能反应你过去2-3个月的平均血糖控制情况。 你每年可能需要检测2次以上。咨询医生，并设定一个目标。
B.  血压 目标：<130/80 mm Hg。
C.  胆固醇。目标：LDL<100 mg/dl；HDL>40 mg/dl；甘油三酯<150 mg/dl。

Take Care of Bumps and Bruises
Diabetes raises your risk of infection and slows healing, so treat even simple cuts and scrapes quickly. Properly clean your wound and use an antibiotic cream and sterile bandage. See a doctor if it's not better in a few days. Check your feet every day for blisters, cuts, sores, redness, or swelling. Moisturize them to prevent cracks.
小心肿块和挫伤
糖尿病会增加感染风险，而且伤口愈合缓慢，因此即使是小伤口和擦伤也要尽快处理。彻底清洁伤口，涂抹抑菌药膏，并用消毒绷带包扎。若数天不见好转，及时找医生就诊。每天检查双脚，是否有水泡、小伤口、溃疡、红肿等等。抹润肤膏防止足裂。

Break Your Smoking Habit
People with diabetes who smoke are three times more likely to die of cardiovascular disease than those who don't. Quitting helps your heart and lungs. It lowers your blood pressure and risk of stroke, heart attack, nerve damage, and kidney disease. Ask your doctor about help for quitting tobacco.
戒烟
吸烟的糖尿病患者死于心血管疾病的几率比不吸烟者高出三倍。戒烟对你的心脏和肺脏都有帮助。戒烟可以降低血压，减少中风、心脏病发作、神经损伤及肾脏疾病风险。请医生帮忙戒烟。

Pick Super Foods, Don't Supersize
There's no single diabetes diet. But here are basics to keep in mind: Enjoy super foods like berries, sweet potatoes, fish with omega-3 fatty acids, and dark green, leafy vegetables. Look at food labels and avoid saturated fat and trans fats. Instead, opt for mono and polyunsaturated fats like olive oil. A registered dietitian can give you personalized advice.
选择超级食物，但不要选择超大份食物
并没有纯粹的糖尿病饮食。但是要记住几点：选择一些超级食品，如浆果、甘薯、富含ω 3 脂肪酸的鱼类、深绿色的叶类蔬菜等。查看食物配料表，避免含饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸的食物。选择单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的食物，如橄榄油。这方面营养师可以提供个性化建议。

Set Up Doctor Visits
Expect to see your doctor two to four times a year. If you take insulin or need help balancing your blood sugar levels, you may need to visit more often. Also get a yearly physical and eye exam. You should be screened for eye, nerve, and kidney damage, and other complications. See a dentist twice a year. And be sure to tell all health care providers that you have diabetes.
定期看医生
每年看2~4次医生。如果你通过胰岛素或其他药物来控制血糖的话，那么看医生的次数更多。同时每年也要进行一次体检和眼部检查。应该对眼睛、神经损伤、肾脏损伤及其他并发症进行检查。每年看两次牙医。并且告诉每位接诊医生你患有糖尿病。