MBA翻译中可能遇到的较难的专有名词

专有名词, MBA, 翻译 Ability-to-pay principle 能力纳税原则

The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden

　　Absolute advantage 绝对优势

　　The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity

　　Aggregate-demand curve 总需求曲线

　　A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level

　　Aggregate-supply curve 总供给曲线

　A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level

　　Appreciation 升值

　　An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy

　　Automatic stabilizers 自动稳定器

　　Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action

　　Average fixed cost 平均固定成本

　　Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output

　　Average revenue 平均收益

　　Total revenue divided by the quantity sold

　　Average tax rate 平均税率

　Total taxes paid divided by total income

　　Average total cost 平均总成本

　　Total cost divided by the quantity of output

　Average variable cost 平均可变成本

　　Variables costs divided by the quantity of output

　　Accelerator 加速数

　the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy

　　Acquired endowments 后天禀赋

　　resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population

　Adaptive expectations 适应性预期

　　expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future

　　aggregate expenditures schedule 总支出曲线

　　a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures--the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports--and the national income, at a fixed price level

　antitrust laws 反托拉斯法

　　laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition

　　arbitrage 套利

　　the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns

　　adverse selection 逆向选择

　　principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all

　　asset 资产

　　any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it

　　assistance in kind 实物援助

　　public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash

　asymmetric information 信息不对称

　a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer

　autonomous consumption 自主消费

　　that part of consumption that does not depend on income

　　average costs 平均成本

　the total costs divided by the total output

　average productivity 平均产量

　total quantity divided by the total quantity of input

　Benefits principle 受益原则

　The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services

　　Bond 债券

　　A certificate of indebtedness

　Budget constraint 预算约束

　　The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford

　　Budget deficit 预算赤字

An excess of government spending over government receipts

　Budget surplus 预算盈余

　An excess of government receipts over government spendin

　barriers to entry 进入障碍

　factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patents

　basic competitive model 基本竞争模型

　　the model of the economy that pulls together the assumptions of self-interested consumers, profit maximizing firms, and perfectly competitive markets

bequest savings motive 储蓄的遗产动机

　　people save so that they can leave an inheritance to their children

　　Bertrand competition 伯特兰竞争

　an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to keeping their prices fixed and that customers can be lured away by offering lower prices

　bilateral trade 双边贸易

　trade between two parties

　　boom 繁荣

　　a period of time when resources are being fully used and GDP is growing steadily

　　Capital 资本

　　The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services

　Capital flight 资本外流

　A large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country

　Cartel 卡特尔

　A group of firms acting in unison

　Catch-up effect 追赶效应

　The property that countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich

　Central bank 中央银行

　An institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy

　Ceteris paribus 其它条件相同

　A Latin phrase, translated as 'other things being equal,' used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant

　Circular-flow diagram 循环流向图

　A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms

　Classical dichotomy 古典二分法

　The theoretical separation of nominal and real variables

　Closed economy 封闭经济

　An economy that does not interact with other economies in the world

　Coase theorem 科斯定理

　The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own

　Collective bargaining 集体谈判

　The process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment

　Collusion 勾结

  An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge

　Commodity money 商品货币

　Money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value

　Common resources 共有资源

　Goods that are rival but not excludable

　Comparable worth 同工同酬

　A doctrine according to which jobs deemed comparable should be paid the same wage

　Comparative advantage 比较优势

　The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost

　Compensating wage differential 补偿性工资差别

　A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs

Competitive market 竞争市场

　A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker


　　Complements 互补品


　　Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good


　　Constant returns to scale 规模收益不变


　　The property that long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes


　　Consumer price index 消费物价指数


　　A measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer


　　Consumer surplus 消费者剩余


　　A buyer's willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays

　Consumption 消费

　　Spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing

Cost 成本

　The value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good


　　Cost-benefit analysis 成本—收益分析


　　A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good


　　Crowding-out effect 挤出效应The offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending


　　Currency 通货


　　The paper bills and coins in the hands of the public


　　Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业


　　The deviation of unemployment from its natural rate


　　capital gain 资本增值


　　the increase in the value of an asset between the time it is purchased and the time it is sold


　　capital market 资本市场


　　the market in which savings are made available to investors


　　categorical assistance 分类帮助


　　public assistance aimed at a particular category of people, like the elderly or the disabled


　　causation 因果关系


　　relationship that results when an change in one variable is not only correlated with but actually causes the change in another one


　　central planning 中央计划


　　the system in which central government bureaucrats (as opposed to private entrepreneurs or even local government bureaucrats) determine what will be produced an how it will be produced


　　centralization 集权


　　organizational structure in which decision making is concentrated at the top


　　centrally planned economy 中央计划经济


　　an economy in which most decisions about resource allocation are made by the central government


　　certificate of deposit (CD) 存单


　　account in which money is deposited for a preset length of time, that must yield a slightly higher return to compensate for the reduced liquidity


　　circular flow 循环流程


　　how funds move through the capital, labor, and product markets between households, firms, the government, and the foreign sector


　　classical economists 古典经济学家


　　economists prevalent before the Great Depression who believed that the basic competitive model provided a good description of the economy and that if short periods of unemployment did occur, market forces would quickly restore the economy to full employment


　　classical unemployment 古典失业


　　unemployment that results from too-high real wages; it occurs in the supply constrained equilibrium, so that rightwards shifts in aggregate supply reduce the level of unemployment


　　competitive equilibrium price 竞争性均衡价格


　　the price at which the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded are equal to each other


　　consumer protection legislation 消费者保护法


　　laws aimed at protecting consumers, for instance by assuring that consumers have more complete information about items they are considering buying


　　consumer sovereignty 消费者权益


　　the principle that holds that each individual is the best judge of what makes him better off


　　consumption function 消费函数


　　the relationship between disposable income and consumption


　　contingency clauses 应变条款


　　statements within a contract that make the level of payment or the work to be performed conditional upon various factors


　　corporate income tax 公司所得税


　　a tax based on the income, or profit, received by a corporation


　　correlation 相关


　　relationship that results when a change in one variable is consistently associated with a change in another one


　　cost-push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀


　　inflation whose initial cause is a rise in production costs


　　Cournot competition 古诺竞争


　　an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to a certain level of production and that rivals will reduce their prices as needed to sell that amount


　　credentials competition 文凭竞争


　　the trend in which prospective workers acquire higher educational credentials, not so much because of anything they actually learn in the process but to convince potential employers to hire them by signaling that they will be more productive employees than those with weaker credentials


　　credit constraint effect 信贷约束效应


　　when prices fall, firms' revenues also fall, but the money they owe creditors remains unchanged; as a result, firms have fewer funds of their own to invest. Because of credit rationing, firms cannot make up the difference; accordingly, investment decreases