最常见的十大人类思维误区

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人类的思维实在是一种很奇妙的东西。认知、行为或是思考的过程都是我们能够快速的处理大量信息。举个例子吧，我们睁着眼睛的时候，大脑通常都充斥着各种刺激，也许你在考虑一个特定的问题，但你的大脑却处理着数以千计的潜在意识。不幸的是，我们的认知能力并不是完美无缺的，常常容易判断错误，这就是心理学上说的认知偏差。这种偏差在每个人身上都会发生，与年龄、性别、教育程度、智力或者其他的因素无关。这些误区中有一些是很常见的，有些较罕见，但都很有趣。我敢保证，每个人都会发现犯过其中的错误（我自己就很容易犯），现在，你们会认识到在将来的什么时候会犯这些错误。
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第十
Gambler’s Fallacy
格兰布勒的错误推断
The Gambler’s fallacy is the tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events, when in reality, they are not. Certain probabilities, such as getting a heads when you flip a (fair) coin, are always the same. The probability of getting a heads is 50%, it does not matter if you’ve gotten tails the last 10 flips. Thinking that theprobabilities have changed is a common bias, especially when gambling. For example, I am playing roulette. The last four spins have landed on black, it has to be red this time right? Wrong! The probability of landing on red is still 47.37% (18 red spots divided by 38 total spots). This may sound obvious, but this bias has caused many agambler to lose money thinking the probabilities have changed.
格兰布勒的错误推断就是指人们认为未来事情发生的概率会被过去的食物改变，这里并不是说特定的不会发生变化的概率，比如说抛硬币时人头朝上的概率。举个例子。如果我在玩轮盘赌，前四个转轮都是黑色，那最后一个一定就是红色对不对？当然错了！红色的概率仍然是47.37%（18/38）。也许在你看来这样的错误很明显，但就是这种意识的偏差让很多赌徒认为概率发生了改变。
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第九
Reactivity
应激
Reactivity is the tendency of people to act or appear differently when they know that they are being observed. In the 1920s, Hawthorne Works (a manufacturing facility) commissioned a study to see if different levels of light influenced worker productivity. What they found was incredible, changing the light caused productivity to soar! Unfortunately, when the study was finished, productivity levels decreased to their regular levels. This was because the change in productivity was not due to the light levels, but to the workers being watched. This demonstrated a form of reactivity; when individuals know they are being watched, they are motivated to change their behavior, generally to make themselves look better. Reactivity is a serious problem in research, and has to be controlled in blind experiments (“Blind” is when individuals involved in a research study are purposely withheldinformation so as not to influence the outcomes).
应激是指人们通常会在他人的注视下做出反常的行为或表情。在二十世纪二十年代，豪斯王工厂（一家设备制造工厂）出资进行了一项研究：工人的工作生产力会不会受灯光亮度的影响。研究的结果令他们大吃一惊，灯光亮度的调节使得生产力大大提高！然而不幸的是，当研究结束后，工人的生产力有下降到的原来的水平。这是因为，生产力的变化与灯光无关而与工人们被监视有关。这也解释应激的一种形式：当人们觉察到被注视时，就会激发他们通过改变行为使自己看起来更自然。应激反应是一个很严肃的问题，必须通过盲法对照来研究。（盲法就是为了不影响试验结果的真实性，参与实验的个人被隐瞒试验信息）
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第八
Pareidolia
空想性错现
Pareidolia is when random images or sounds are perceived as significant. Seeing clouds in the shapes of dinosaurs, Jesus on a hot pocket, or hearing messages when a record is played backward are common examples of pareidolia. The common element is that the stimulus is neutral, it does not have intentional meaning; the meaning is in the viewer’s perception.
空想性错现是指将偶然的影像或声音当成必然。看到天上的云会觉得像是恐龙、耶稣或是在倒带的时候听到什么声音，着都是常见的空想性错现症状。这种症状的原理是：中立的外在刺激并没有特殊的内在意义，主要是在于观者的心理。
Interesting Fact: the Rorschach Inkblot test was developed to use pareidolia to tap into people’s mental states. Testees are shown images of ambiguous pictures, and asked to describe what they see. Responses are analyzed to discover the testee’s hidden thoughts.
有趣的发现：罗斯查克-因克布罗特测试可以利用空想性错现患者的精神状态。研究者会给参与测验的人观看一些意义不明的图片，并让他们描述其所见，通过这些就可以分析出测验者的潜在想法。
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第七
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
自我暗示
Self-fulfilling prophecy is engaging in behaviors that obtain results that confirm existing attitudes. A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that causes itself to become true. For example, I believe that I am going to do poorly in school, so I decrease the effort I put into my assignments and studying, and I end up doing poorly, just as I thought. Another common example is relationships; I think my relationship with my significant other is going to fail, so I start acting differently, pulling away emotionally. Because of my actions, I actually cause the relationship to fail. This is a powerful tool used by “psychics” – they implant an idea in your mind, and you eventually make it happen because you think it will.

自我暗示主要是指去确认已存在的看法获得结果的行为。自我暗示就是一种会让预兆变成现实的东西。比如说，我觉得我的学习会很差劲，于是，我就会不努力写功课、不认真学习，结果我的学业真的很差劲，和我想的一样。另一个常见的例子是与他人的关系，如果我认为我和对方的关系会恶化，我就会行为反常，变得情绪化，于是，我们的关系如期恶化。这种自我暗示的方法是通灵者惯用的伎俩，他们向你的脑子里灌输一种观点，最终你会将它实现。
Interesting Fact: Economic Recessions are self-fulfilling prophecies. Because a recession is 2 quarters of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) decline, you cannot know you are in a recession until you are at least 6 months into one. Unfortunately, at the first sign of decreasing GDP, the media reports a possible recession, people panic and start a chain of events that actually cause a recession.
有趣的发现：经济衰退是一种自我暗示。因为国内生产总值（GDP）连续两季度下降才叫做经济衰退，也就是说至少要有六个月的时间你才会觉察出正处于衰退中。不幸的是，在GDP刚刚出现了一点下滑趋势的时候，媒体就报导了，而媒体的报道也引起了人们的恐慌，造成一一系列的连锁反应，最终结果是经济真的衰退了。
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第六
Halo effect
光环效应
The Halo effect is the tendency for an individual’s positive or negative trait to “spill over” to other areas of their personality in others’ perceptions of them. This bias happens a lot in employee performance appraisals. For example: my employee, Biff, has been late to work the past three days; I notice this and conclude that Biff is lazy and does not care about his job. There are many possible reasons why Biff was late, perhaps his car broke down, his babysitter did not show up, or there has been bad weather. The problem is, because of one negative aspect that may be out of Biff’s control, I assume that he is a bad worker.
光环效应指的是一个人对于其他人看法是积极或消极的。这种效应经常发生在对雇员的评价上。比如，比弗是我的一名员工，我发现过去的三天他都迟到了，于是我觉得他是个懒鬼，对工作不负责任。但其实，有很多原因会导致他的迟到，也许他的车抛锚了，也许帮他照顾孩子的保姆没上班，有或者是天气缘故。但是，关键是他的迟到已经给我早长了不好的印象，于是我理所当然的认为比弗不是个好员工。

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