初中英语语法梳理和提高 5代 词
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代 词
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
一、 代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。
二、 代词的用法
1. 人称代词:人称代词是指人的代词,有性、数、格的区别。表示"我" "你" "他" "我们" "你们" "他们"。请看下表:
数
格
人 称
单 数
复 数
主 格
宾 格
主 格
宾 格
第一人称
we
me
we
us
第二人称
you
you
you
you
第三人称
he
him
they
them
she
her
it
it
(1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:She is my English teacher.
(2) 宾格在句中作宾语。例如:They don't want me to go there alone.
Don't worry. I can look after her.
(3) 宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如:--- Who's that? --- It's me.
注意:①人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如:
You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。
②人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中, 表示强调。例如:
It was he who took away the necklace. 是他拿走了那条项链。
③人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如:
The ship is leaving. She's on her first trip to Boston. 轮船要起航了。 这时她第一次去波士顿。
We love our country, we hope she'll be stronger and stronger. 我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她越来越强大。
④It作为人称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如:
It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10公里。
⑤It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语, 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:
It is not easy to learn English well.
It is good for you taking a walk after supper.
I found it difficult to sleep.
⑥英语里当主语是并列的几个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同, I 在最后, you 在最前;但是, 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反,I 在最前, you在最后。 例如:
You, he and I are all the winners.
I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
2.物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。
词 义
类 型
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他/她/它们的
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名 词性物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
(1) 形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语, 后面跟名词。例如:
To our surprise, he has passed the exam.
(2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如:
May I use your bike? Mine is at school. (作主语)
Whose glasses are these? They are hers. ( 作表语)
My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? (作宾语)
(3) 名词性物主代词可以与of 连用, 作定语。 例如:A friend of ours are waiting for us.
3.反身带词:用来表示"某人自己"的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示:
词 义
数
我(们)自己
你(们)自己
他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己
单 数
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
复 数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
(1)反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如:
Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语)
He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语)
You'd better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)
(2) 反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配,例如:
make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by oneself, help oneself to…,etc
4.指示代词:表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表
这,这个
那,那个
这些
那些
this
that
these
those
this that these those
指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:
Those are my parents. ( 作主语)
Throw it like that. (作表语)
The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语)
These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)
注意:(1)前面刚刚提到过的东西, 常用that, those 表示。 例如:
I'm sorry to hear that.
( 2 )下文将要提到的事情, 可用these, this 表示, 起启下的作用。 例如:
Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.
5.疑问代词:用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有:who, what, which, whose, whom, 在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
作主语: What make you so happy?
作宾语: Who / Whom is your manager talking with?
在口语中, 作宾语时 who和whom可以通用,但在介词后面只能用whom.例如:
About whom they are talking just now?
作定语: Which subject do you like best?
作表语: What's your mother.
6.相互代词:用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有:each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如:
We should help each other.
The villagers have looked after one another these year.
相互代词后可以加's,表示所有关系。 例如:
We put the presents in each other's stocking.
7.连接代词: 用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有:what, which, who, whom whose, that例如:
I know what he said at the meeting.
The problem is who will mend it.
Could you tell me which is the way to the post office?
8. 不定代词:不定代词没有确定的对象, 常用的有:all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some any, no以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。
不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语, 而none及含有some, an every 的合成代词不能做定语,no和every 只能做定语。
代词
many, few, a few修饰可数名词,much, little, a little修饰不可数名词。both, either, neither, each用于指两者,all, any, none, every, another用于指三者或三者以上。
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
一、 代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。
二、 代词的用法
1. 人称代词:人称代词是指人的代词,有性、数、格的区别。表示"我" "你" "他" "我们" "你们" "他们"。请看下表:
数
格
人 称
单 数
复 数
主 格
宾 格
主 格
宾 格
第一人称
we
me
we
us
第二人称
you
you
you
you
第三人称
he
him
they
them
she
her
it
it
(1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:She is my English teacher.
(2) 宾格在句中作宾语。例如:They don't want me to go there alone.
Don't worry. I can look after her.
(3) 宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如:--- Who's that? --- It's me.
注意:①人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如:
You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。
②人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中, 表示强调。例如:
It was he who took away the necklace. 是他拿走了那条项链。
③人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如:
The ship is leaving. She's on her first trip to Boston. 轮船要起航了。 这时她第一次去波士顿。
We love our country, we hope she'll be stronger and stronger. 我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她越来越强大。
④It作为人称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如:
It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10公里。
⑤It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语, 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:
It is not easy to learn English well.
It is good for you taking a walk after supper.
I found it difficult to sleep.
⑥英语里当主语是并列的几个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同, I 在最后, you 在最前;但是, 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反,I 在最前, you在最后。 例如:
You, he and I are all the winners.
I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
2.物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。
词 义
类 型
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他/她/它们的
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名 词性物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
(1) 形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语, 后面跟名词。例如:
To our surprise, he has passed the exam.
(2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如:
May I use your bike? Mine is at school. (作主语)
Whose glasses are these? They are hers. ( 作表语)
My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? (作宾语)
(3) 名词性物主代词可以与of 连用, 作定语。 例如:A friend of ours are waiting for us.
3.反身带词:用来表示"某人自己"的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示:
词 义
数
我(们)自己
你(们)自己
他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己
单 数
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
复 数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
(1)反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如:
Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语)
He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语)
You'd better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)
(2) 反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配,例如:
make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by oneself, help oneself to…,etc
4.指示代词:表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表
这,这个
那,那个
这些
那些
this
that
these
those
this that these those
指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:
Those are my parents. ( 作主语)
Throw it like that. (作表语)
The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语)
These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)
注意:(1)前面刚刚提到过的东西, 常用that, those 表示。 例如:
I'm sorry to hear that.
( 2 )下文将要提到的事情, 可用these, this 表示, 起启下的作用。 例如:
Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.
5.疑问代词:用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有:who, what, which, whose, whom, 在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
作主语: What make you so happy?
作宾语: Who / Whom is your manager talking with?
在口语中, 作宾语时 who和whom可以通用,但在介词后面只能用whom.例如:
About whom they are talking just now?
作定语: Which subject do you like best?
作表语: What's your mother.
6.相互代词:用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有:each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如:
We should help each other.
The villagers have looked after one another these year.
相互代词后可以加's,表示所有关系。 例如:
We put the presents in each other's stocking.
7.连接代词: 用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有:what, which, who, whom whose, that例如:
I know what he said at the meeting.
The problem is who will mend it.
Could you tell me which is the way to the post office?
8. 不定代词:不定代词没有确定的对象, 常用的有:all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some any, no以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。
不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语, 而none及含有some, an every 的合成代词不能做定语,no和every 只能做定语。
代词
many, few, a few修饰可数名词,much, little, a little修饰不可数名词。both, either, neither, each用于指两者,all, any, none, every, another用于指三者或三者以上。
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