高考英语阅读理解题题型解读与

高考英语阅读理解题题型解读与应试技巧
都说“得阅读者得天下”一语，这并非无稽之谈。高考英语试卷阅读理解占40分，居各题型之首。可以说阅读理解能力的高低；是能否取得高考英语好成绩的关键之所在。同时还有完形填空、阅读表达、阅读填空等题型，其实质都在考查学生们的阅读理解能力。纵观近几年各省市高考英语卷中阅读理解，考生出现的错误大多集中在文章能轻松读懂而题目偏难的陷阱题中。所以要想提高阅读理解得分，不仅需要提高自身英语基础，还要掌握高考试题出题思路、出题规律以及各类型题的解题技巧。
1． 事实细节题：
一般针对某个特定的细节而提出，难度较小，属浅层理解。考生通过通读全文后可直接找出答题依据。细节理解题有三种题型：纯细节题、计算题、细节推断题。三类题中细节推断题一般难度较大，考生要细细推敲。从最近几年的高考题看来细节理解题占了考题的一半左右。
设题方式：
①单词替换
②颠倒因果
③扩大范围
④常识判断
解题秘诀：回扣原文
①根据题干所及的时间、地点、人物等回扣原文。特别注意： 五个w (who, which, when, where, what), 一个h (how)以及其它特殊之处
②根据设题顺序回扣原文所在语句，比较有效信息。如数字、日期、时间等。
③根据题干中的关键词或其同义词回扣原文（如名词、动词、形容词）
④回扣原文中的难句定位，一般来说，难句都是出题点。这时应注意文中的同位语，破折号，括号，省略号等
实例解析：
1．2003年高考英语阅读理解题第56题：
It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha _________.
A. was named after its discoverer
B. got its name from Holland settlers
C. was named by the British government
D. got its name from the Guinness Book of Records
答案为A。
原文第一段原句为“Discovered by the Portuguese admiral (葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.”表明该岛屿的命名者为其发现者。
2．NMET2004全国卷二65题
65.  How many sun-powered cars took part in the race?
A.1   B.4   C. 23    D.44
答案为B。
原文细节材料为Due in part to old, inefficient batteries, Helios finished fourth—out of four—in its kind, the sun—powered class. “We were there for the fun of it.” Anna says. “We’re proud of Helios,” says Ariel Gleicher, 14. “It’s a car that’s good for the environment.” 应注意细节out of four。
2． 词意猜测题：
此类题目要求考生正确理解短文中一些关键词、短语或句子的含义。
设题方式：
①一般是利用多种表达法、词的多个意性、同近义词语替换、习语释义、句型或语态转换等方式来考查。
②常见的设问形式：
①The underlined word in the…paragraph refers to / means ________.
② What does “ ________” in paragraph… stand for / mean?
③“_______” could best be replaced by which of the following?
④ The expression / phrase “_______” means ________.
⑤ The word “_______” is closest in meaning to ________.。
解题秘诀：上下文推理
①代入替换法。把四个选项分别代入题干，据语言逻辑判断哪个更加符合上下文的逻辑意思。
②在上下文中寻找同词性的词或词组。做这类题的关键是：该单词本身并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下文
③利用语法和逻辑。有时根据上下文提代的线索或者其他方法，仍然不能得到唯一答案，就可以利用语法和逻辑方面的规则来判断，符合语法和逻辑规则的可能为正确答案，反之则不是正确答案。
实例解析：
1．2007年全国卷I 69题
The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean ________.
A. attracted to teaching
B. tired of teaching
C. satisfied with teaching
D. unhappy about teaching
答案为A
原文材料为Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.使用代入替换法，易得A项。
2。2007浙江卷59题
What does the underlined phrase “this battle”(last paragraph) refer to?
A. The war between the boy’s parents.
B. The arguing between the boy and his mother.
C. The quarrel between the boy and his customers.
D. The fight between the boy and his father.
答案为B
原文材料为My mother and I had fought this battle almost as long as I could remember. My mother, dissatisfied with my father’s plain workman’s life, determined that I would not grow up like him and his people.从该句可看出母子之间的口角站持续了多年。
3．2007山东卷第65题
The underlined word “daunting” in Paragraph 1 most probably means __________.
A. discouraging   B. interesting  C. creative  D. unbearable
答案为A
考查词义猜测。根据第一段的“ Creating a music program with almost no money for equipment supplies in a climate where standardbased learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers”这句话，再参照上下文的语言环境可以知道该词表示“不利的”。
3．观点态度题
该题型主要考察学生对文中的有关语句、要点、细节、观点等的理解能力。这种题要求在宏观把握文章的基础上，作出合理判断。这种题要求在宏观把握文章的基础上，选出作者对文章所谈问题的态度，而不是我们对某一问题的经验。这类题要求考生从文章的论述方法、语气和遣词造句中把握作者对人与事的好恶，了解作者的态度和情感；这类题目需要多注意文章开头、结尾等传达作者感情倾向的地方。
设题方式：
一般作者的态度分为三大类：
①支持、赞同、乐观
②客观、中立
③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观
除此之外，没有其他的作者态度
解题秘诀：
①理解文章、合理推断，切不可经验主义。
②找文中带有感情色彩的名次、动词、形容词、副词
③根据作者举的例子判断
实例解析：
1．07宁夏卷第67题
The author seems to believe that ___________.
A. having brothers and sisters is fun
B. it’s tiring to look after three children
C. every child needs parents’ full attention
D. parents should watch others’ children
答案为C
文章介绍了作者和邻居轮流照料小孩，从而采用一种亲子游戏—“Mommy and Me”，在和孩子单独游戏的时候，孩子们发展的空间更大，受益更多。文章最后一段“…I also discovered something different in each of my children during our alone times…”表明了作者的观点。
2。07广东卷第67题
The author thinks that keeping silent about the uncharged item is equal to__      _.
A. lying   B. stealing   C. cheating   D. advertising
答案为C
作者在第五段落中“In the first case, where we don't tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief.”鲜明地表明了自己的态度。
4． 推理判断题：
这一类题主要针对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作思路及目的等方面，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，包括对事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度、语言中的语态和语气等进行推断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。但考生应该明白，推断也应依据原文材料，并非凭空推断。
该题型有时还可能会假设一种情况要求考生对原文中没有提到的情况进行推理想象，对题目中提出的各种可能性进行推敲，从而选出符合原文信息或作者愿意的最佳答案。
设题方式：
多角度设置干扰项
①只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当作间接推理
②看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,如因果倒置,手段变目的等
③根据考生已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章,一切以文章为准
④推理过头,引申过渡
⑤常见的设问形式：
① We can infer / conclude from the passage that _______.
② It can be inferred / concluded (from the passage ) that ________.
③ The passage / story / author / paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _______.
④ The author’s / writer’s attitude（态度）towards …is _______.
⑤ What do you think would happen (to…) at the end of the story?⑴ 标志：关键词：infer imply
解题秘诀：依据原文认真比较选项
①绝大多数推理题是原文意思的同义表达，正确答案与原文之间没有任何推理关系
②做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系
⑶ 如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤，那么与原文意思最接近、所用推理最少的选项即是正确答案
实例解析：
1．07山东卷第58题
It can be inferred from the text that __________。
A. the author’s family was in financial difficulty
B. rents were comparatively reasonable despite the disaster
C. houses were difficult to find in the hurricane stricken area
D. the mortgage on the ruined house was paid off by the bank
答案为A
原文材料第一段第二句They lay my house,reduced to waist-high ruins, smellyand dirty可推测房子被暴雨冲毁。再有第三段第一句we decided to move and tried to find a rental house that we could afford while also paying off a mortgage on our ruined house可做出推理判断，作者因为需要支付银行贷款，在找便宜的房子，所以可以推断作者经济拮据。
2。07湖北卷第64题
It can be concluded from the passage that                .
A. promising drugs will soon stop AIDS
B. the spread of AIDS could be controlled
C. it is hopeless to win the battle against AIDS
D. the death rate of AIDS patients has been reduced
答案为B
文章最后一段的“there are fresh reasons for optimism in the battle against AIDS. During the past few years, there has been a drop in new AIDS cases…”说明“艾滋病其实是可以控制的”。
5．主旨大意题
主旨题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一，测试阅读理解的基本能力；要求考生在理解全文后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想，掌握所读材料的大意。这种题型考查学生在语言水平上对文章的把握，是否具备分辨主题和细节、提纲挈领的能力是解题的关键。
设题方式：
常见的设问形式：
（1) What is the main subject / the best title of the passage?
（2) Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
（3) The title that best expresses the main idea of the passage is ________.
（4) From the passage we know that _______.
（5) The main idea of this passage is ________.
（6) The passage is mainly about _______.
（7) Choose the best title for the passage.
（8）What’s the purpose/attitude of …?
解体秘诀：抓主题句
1、主题句是用来表达文章或段落的中心思想的，通常在文章第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等处出现，阅读时要特别注意。
2、进行整体阅读，抓文章逻辑结构。文章主题出现的位置对应于文章逻辑结构中的一个部分，而在高考阅读中以“总－分－总”结构类型题居多。所以重读文章首、尾两段以及每段首句，对把握文章结构和主旨理解有很大帮助。
实例解析：
1．2007广东卷第50题
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?________
A. How to Live Truthfully     B. Importance of Peacefulness
C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect  D. Happiness through Honorable Actions
答案为D
结合原文阅读材料可知本文通过举例来说明一个道理, 即文章的第二段中“how honorable actions create happiness””””和第四段是文章的两个主题。
2。2007江苏卷第63题
Which would be the best title for this passage?________
A. We’re Alone on the Internet
B. We’re Communicating on the Internet
C. We’re Alone Together on the Internet
D. We’re in the Imaginary World of the Internet.
答案为C
原文中的术语“networked individualism”是两个意义矛盾的词语的组合,网络既可以让人有自己的空间,又可以让他们互相交流, 是因特网的两个特点，所以C选项中的alone 和together正好与此吻合。