神马文学网初中英语语法汇总（三）
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初中英语语法汇总(三)
一、动词(Verbs)
1.现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)
(1)现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成。现以动词work为例，
将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式
以及简略答语列表如下：
肯定式
I/You have worked。
He/She/It has worked。
We/You/They have worked。
否定式
I/You have not worked。
He/She/It has not worked。
We/You/They have not worked。
疑问式和简略回答
Have I/you worked?Yes，you/I have。No，you/I have not。
Has he/she/it worked?Yes，he/she/it has。No，he/she/it has not。
Have we/you/they worked?Yes，you/we/they have。No，you/we/they have not。
注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同
(2)现在完成时的用法
表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
Have you had your lunch yet?Yes，I have。I've just had it。
I have already posted the photos。
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段
时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。
I haven't seen her these days.
I've known LiLei for three years.
I've been at this school for over two years.
They have lived here since 1996.
How long have you worked in this library?
She has taught us since I came to this school.
现在完成时可以和already，never，just，before，yet 等状语连用。
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
I've just lost my science book.
I've never been to that farm before.
I haven't learned the word yet.
have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别：
have(has) been 表示“曾经到过某地”，have(has)gone 表示“已经去过某地了”
Where has he been? 他刚才跑到哪去了?
Where has he gone?他到哪去了?
She has been to Shanghai。她到过上海。
She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时，如：
I haven't bought anything for two months。
(3)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示
过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday，last night，three weeks ago，in 1990等，而一般过去时只表示过去
动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：
I have seen the film。我看过这部电影。
I saw the film last week。我上星期看了这个电影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以来他一直住在这里。
He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在这里。
2.过去将来时(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)过去将来时由“助动词would+动词圆形”构成。would常缩略为‘d。
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如：
I didn't know if she would come。
I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
过去将来时也可以用“was(were) going to +动词原形”来表示。如：
I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
3.过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成
(2).过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”
表示过去某一时间可用by，before等构成的短语，也可用when，before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。
例句
By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
When I got there ,you had already started playing .
We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .
By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.
4.动词不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to，动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化。
在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保持动词的特点。即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语
构成不定式短语。如：to read the newspaper，to speak at the meeting等
(2)动词不定式具有名词，形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语、定语，状语
作宾语
She wanted to borrow my CD player.
They began to read and write。
作状语
She went to see her grandma last Sunday。
He came to give us a talk yesterday。
作宾语补足语
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio。
She asked me to speak louder。
She found him to be a very good pupil。
作定语
Have you got anything to say?
I had something to eat this morning。
作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy。
To play in the street is danerous.
(3)动词不定式的否定形式
由“not+动词不定式”构成。如：
Tell him not to be late。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street。
(4)动词不定式和疑问句连用
动词不定式亏和疑问句what，which，how，where，when等连用，构成不定式短语。
如：The question is when to start。
I don't know where to go。
He showed me how to use a computer。
Nobody told us what to do。
(5)不带to的情况
有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to，这种动词有两类;一类是感觉动词，如see,
hear，watch，feel，notice等，如：
I saw him come。我看见他来了。
I heard him sing。我听见他唱歌了。
另一类是某些使役动词，如make，let，have等，如：
Let him go。让他走吧
They made the children work 12 hours a day。
他们强迫孩子们一天干12小时。
动词help后的不定式可带to，也可不带to。
5.被动语态。(The Passive Voice)
(1)主动语态和被动语态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)
Many people speak English.(主动语态)
English is spoken by many people。(被动语态)
(2)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化
规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词ask为例子，将一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的
肯定式，否定式及疑问式列表如下：
一般现在时
肯定式
I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……
We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……
否定式
I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……
We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……
疑问式
Am I asked……? Are you asked……? Is he/She asked……?
Are we asked……? Are you asked……? Are they asked……?
一般过去时
肯定式
I was asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……
We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……
否定式
I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……
We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……
疑问式
was I asked……? were you asked……? was he/She asked……?
were we asked……? were you asked……? were they asked……?
(3)含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如：
This bicycle can be mended in two hour。
This trees may be planted in spring。
The room must be kept clean。
The flowers should be watered often。
(4)被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或者只需强调动作的
承受者时，需要被动语态。如：
This jacket is made of cotton。
初中英语语法汇总(三)(2)
2010-06-13 14:08:23 来源：网络资源进入论坛
二、宾语从句(The Object Clause)
宾语从句在复合句中作主语的宾语，宾语从句通常作主语的宾语，宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导
1.由that引导(that在口语或非正式文体中常省略)，如：
He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
She said that she would leave a message on his desk .
He knew that he should work hard .
He said that he might fall behind the other students.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
2.由连接代词或连接副词引导，如：
Do you know what he has said ?
I don't remember when we arrived ?
I asked him where I could get so much money?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
The children did not know who Father Christmas was.
3.由连词whether或if引导( 口语中常用if)
Lily wanted to knew if/wheher her grandma liked the handbag。
She asked me if she could borrow there books。
三、定语从句(The Attributive Clause)
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，如：
(1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman
(2)You must do everything that I do .
上面两句中的man和everything 是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词what，which，who，(宾格whom，所有格whose)和关系副词
where，when，关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的
一个成分。
由关系代词引导的定语从句
that在从句中作主语或宾语
指物
A plane is a machine that can fly。(作主语)
The noodles that I cooked were delicious。(作宾语)
指人
Who is the man that is reading the book over there?(作主语)
The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister。(作宾语)
which在从句中作主语和宾语。
指物
The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well。(作主语)
The song which the Beatles sang were very popular。(作宾语)
who，whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语
指人
The foreigner who visit our class yesterday is form Canada。(作主语)
The boy who broke the window is called Roy。(作主语)
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li。(作宾语)
Mrs Evans is the person to whom you should write。(作宾语)
四、状语从句(Adverbial clause)
在复合句中，修饰主句的动词，形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句，状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为
时间，原因，条件，比较，目的，结果和让步等类。
时间
由as，after，as soon as，before，since，until，when，whenever，while等连词引导。
As he explored the sea,he took a lot of picture.
As soon as he arrived in France ,he called me.
He has been in Shanghai since he was born.
Don't come in until you are called.
Whenever we're in truble,he'll help us .
While I was watching TV,the bell rang.
原因
由as，because，since，等连词引导
I didn't go surfing,because it was too cold.
As the car is expensive ,we can't buy it .
Since he was busy ,he didn't come.
条件
由if，unless等连词引导
If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.
I won't pass the exam unless I work hard.
比较
由as(so)……as，than等引导
Canoeing is not as(so) interesting as sailing (is).
Li Lei swims better than Jim (does).
结果
由so……that，等引导
He was so weak that he couldn't walk on.
目的
由so ，so that等引导
We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.
He sat in the dark so that he couldn't be seen.
让步
由although，even though等引导
Although the traffic was heavy ,we got to the railway station on time.
Even though he is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.
English is spoken in Canada。
一、动词(Verbs)
1.现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)
(1)现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成。现以动词work为例，
将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式
以及简略答语列表如下：
肯定式
I/You have worked。
He/She/It has worked。
We/You/They have worked。
否定式
I/You have not worked。
He/She/It has not worked。
We/You/They have not worked。
疑问式和简略回答
Have I/you worked?Yes，you/I have。No，you/I have not。
Has he/she/it worked?Yes，he/she/it has。No，he/she/it has not。
Have we/you/they worked?Yes，you/we/they have。No，you/we/they have not。
注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同
(2)现在完成时的用法
表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
Have you had your lunch yet?Yes，I have。I've just had it。
I have already posted the photos。
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段
时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。
I haven't seen her these days.
I've known LiLei for three years.
I've been at this school for over two years.
They have lived here since 1996.
How long have you worked in this library?
She has taught us since I came to this school.
现在完成时可以和already，never，just，before，yet 等状语连用。
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
I've just lost my science book.
I've never been to that farm before.
I haven't learned the word yet.
have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别：
have(has) been 表示“曾经到过某地”，have(has)gone 表示“已经去过某地了”
Where has he been? 他刚才跑到哪去了?
Where has he gone?他到哪去了?
She has been to Shanghai。她到过上海。
She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时，如：
I haven't bought anything for two months。
(3)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示
过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday，last night，three weeks ago，in 1990等，而一般过去时只表示过去
动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：
I have seen the film。我看过这部电影。
I saw the film last week。我上星期看了这个电影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以来他一直住在这里。
He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在这里。
2.过去将来时(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)过去将来时由“助动词would+动词圆形”构成。would常缩略为‘d。
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如：
I didn't know if she would come。
I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
过去将来时也可以用“was(were) going to +动词原形”来表示。如：
I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
3.过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成
(2).过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”
表示过去某一时间可用by，before等构成的短语，也可用when，before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。
例句
By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
When I got there ,you had already started playing .
We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .
By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.
4.动词不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to，动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化。
在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保持动词的特点。即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语
构成不定式短语。如：to read the newspaper，to speak at the meeting等
(2)动词不定式具有名词，形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语、定语，状语
作宾语
She wanted to borrow my CD player.
They began to read and write。
作状语
She went to see her grandma last Sunday。
He came to give us a talk yesterday。
作宾语补足语
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio。
She asked me to speak louder。
She found him to be a very good pupil。
作定语
Have you got anything to say?
I had something to eat this morning。
作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy。
To play in the street is danerous.
(3)动词不定式的否定形式
由“not+动词不定式”构成。如：
Tell him not to be late。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street。
(4)动词不定式和疑问句连用
动词不定式亏和疑问句what，which，how，where，when等连用，构成不定式短语。
如：The question is when to start。
I don't know where to go。
He showed me how to use a computer。
Nobody told us what to do。
(5)不带to的情况
有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to，这种动词有两类;一类是感觉动词，如see,
hear，watch，feel，notice等，如：
I saw him come。我看见他来了。
I heard him sing。我听见他唱歌了。
另一类是某些使役动词，如make，let，have等，如：
Let him go。让他走吧
They made the children work 12 hours a day。
他们强迫孩子们一天干12小时。
动词help后的不定式可带to，也可不带to。
5.被动语态。(The Passive Voice)
(1)主动语态和被动语态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)
Many people speak English.(主动语态)
English is spoken by many people。(被动语态)
(2)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化
规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词ask为例子，将一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的
肯定式，否定式及疑问式列表如下：
一般现在时
肯定式
I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……
We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……
否定式
I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……
We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……
疑问式
Am I asked……? Are you asked……? Is he/She asked……?
Are we asked……? Are you asked……? Are they asked……?
一般过去时
肯定式
I was asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……
We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……
否定式
I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……
We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……
疑问式
was I asked……? were you asked……? was he/She asked……?
were we asked……? were you asked……? were they asked……?
(3)含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如：
This bicycle can be mended in two hour。
This trees may be planted in spring。
The room must be kept clean。
The flowers should be watered often。
(4)被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或者只需强调动作的
承受者时，需要被动语态。如：
This jacket is made of cotton。
初中英语语法汇总(三)(2)
2010-06-13 14:08:23 来源：网络资源进入论坛
二、宾语从句(The Object Clause)
宾语从句在复合句中作主语的宾语，宾语从句通常作主语的宾语，宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导
1.由that引导(that在口语或非正式文体中常省略)，如：
He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
She said that she would leave a message on his desk .
He knew that he should work hard .
He said that he might fall behind the other students.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
2.由连接代词或连接副词引导，如：
Do you know what he has said ?
I don't remember when we arrived ?
I asked him where I could get so much money?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
The children did not know who Father Christmas was.
3.由连词whether或if引导( 口语中常用if)
Lily wanted to knew if/wheher her grandma liked the handbag。
She asked me if she could borrow there books。
三、定语从句(The Attributive Clause)
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，如：
(1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman
(2)You must do everything that I do .
上面两句中的man和everything 是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词what，which，who，(宾格whom，所有格whose)和关系副词
where，when，关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的
一个成分。
由关系代词引导的定语从句
that在从句中作主语或宾语
指物
A plane is a machine that can fly。(作主语)
The noodles that I cooked were delicious。(作宾语)
指人
Who is the man that is reading the book over there?(作主语)
The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister。(作宾语)
which在从句中作主语和宾语。
指物
The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well。(作主语)
The song which the Beatles sang were very popular。(作宾语)
who，whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语
指人
The foreigner who visit our class yesterday is form Canada。(作主语)
The boy who broke the window is called Roy。(作主语)
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li。(作宾语)
Mrs Evans is the person to whom you should write。(作宾语)
四、状语从句(Adverbial clause)
在复合句中，修饰主句的动词，形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句，状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为
时间，原因，条件，比较，目的，结果和让步等类。
时间
由as，after，as soon as，before，since，until，when，whenever，while等连词引导。
As he explored the sea,he took a lot of picture.
As soon as he arrived in France ,he called me.
He has been in Shanghai since he was born.
Don't come in until you are called.
Whenever we're in truble,he'll help us .
While I was watching TV,the bell rang.
原因
由as，because，since，等连词引导
I didn't go surfing,because it was too cold.
As the car is expensive ,we can't buy it .
Since he was busy ,he didn't come.
条件
由if，unless等连词引导
If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.
I won't pass the exam unless I work hard.
比较
由as(so)……as，than等引导
Canoeing is not as(so) interesting as sailing (is).
Li Lei swims better than Jim (does).
结果
由so……that，等引导
He was so weak that he couldn't walk on.
目的
由so ，so that等引导
We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.
He sat in the dark so that he couldn't be seen.
让步
由although，even though等引导
Although the traffic was heavy ,we got to the railway station on time.
Even though he is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.
English is spoken in Canada。