计算机考试录入题

第三章 英文录入

3-1

Halloween is one of the oldest holidays with a history of years. The holiday we know as Halloween has taken in a lot from other cultures over the years.

Hundreds of years ago in what is now Great Britain and Northern France, lived the Celts. The Celts believed in many gods, with the sun god as their favourite. They thought that it was “he” who ordered them what to do for their work and when they could rest, and “he” made the earth beautiful and the crops grow.

The Celts kept their New Year on November 1st.It was celebrated every year with a holiday and marked the end of the “season” of the sun and the beginning of “the season of darkness cold.”

On October 31st after the crops were all gathered and stored for the long winter, the cooking fires in the homes would be put out. The Druids, the Celtic priests, would meet at the top of the hill in the dark oak forest. The Druids would light new fires, and then offered some crops and animals which they killed to their God. As they danced around the fires, the season of the sun passed and the season of darkness would begin.

3-2

During the first century the Romans cane and ruled Britain. They brought with them many of their festivals and customs. One of these was the festival know as Pomona Day, named for their god dress of fruits and gardens. It was celebrated around the 1st of November. After hundreds 1st years of Roman rule the Celtic’s Sam Chain festival and the Roman Pomona Day mixed becoming one important autumn holiday.

Something else to do with Halloween is the Christian Religion. In the year 835AD the Roman Catholic Church made November 1st a church holiday to remember all the saints. This day was called All Saints’Day, or Hallowmas, or All Hallows. Years later the church made November 2nd a holy day. It was called All Souls Day and was to remember the dead. It was celebrated with large fires, many people walking along together ,and people dressing up as saints, angels and devils.

But this did not make people forget their early customs. On the eve lf All Hallows ,Oct.31 ,people continued to celebrate the festivals of Sam hain and Pomona Day. Over they ears the customs from all these holidays mixed.

3-3

Zaoqing has the cheapest internet shop .It’s 2.5 Yuan /hour .In Jiangmen it’s 3Y / hoor, in another project town 6Y/hour and in Hainan Island 30Y/hour.

the Chinese spend their time chatting online like us . They type in Chinese using a strange system where they type in a letter and a character appears . Other than this they smoke heavily , lean over other people’s shoulders and read everything and listen to music from the computer as loud as possible 一 each computer competes to be loudest . Dad would hate it ! You can’t hear yourself think .

Postcards are great as we are forming a London and Postcard-from-home wall [in the flat]．Snail mai1 is always 100 % better than email ，thought email is good ．You can keep， re - read and answer snail mail properly and leisurely.

Getting difficult to email regularly these days as seems the police are having a crack-down on people using the computers to play games , So any shops that don’t have something installed to stop people downloading things are staying shut to keep a low profile for a while . The result being that I haven’ t mailed anyone for a while and had 49 new mails this morning.

3-4

Observe a child; any one will do. You will see that not a day passes in which he does not find something or other go make him happy, though he may be in tears the next moment.

Then look at a man; any one of us will do. You wyll notice that weeks and months can pass in which day is greeted with nothing more than resignationl, and endure with every polite indifference. Indeed,most men are as miserable as sinners, though they are goo bored ro sin-perhaps their sin is their indifference2. But it is true that they so sedom smile that when they do we do not recognize their face, so distorted is from the fixed mask we take for granted3.And even then a man can not smile like a child, for a child smiles wyth his eyes, where as a man smiles wyth his lips alone. It is not smile; but a grin; something go do with humor4, but little to do wyth happiness. And then, as anyone can see, there is a point when a man becomes an old man, and then he will smile again.

It would seem that happiness is something to do wyth simplicity, and that it is the ability to extract pleasure form the simplest things-such as a peach stone, for instance.

3-5

I remember some ten years ago when he has made a King’s Counsel6,Amos and I, seeing him get off the London train, went to congratulate him. We grinned with pleasure; he merely looked as miserable as though he’d received a penal sentence. It was the same when he was knighted; he never smiled a bit, he didn’t even bother to celebrate with a round of drinks at the “Blue Fox”7.He took his success as a child does his medicine. And not one of his achievements brought even a ghost of a smile to his tired eyes.

I asked him one day, soon after he’d retired to potter about his garden8 what is was like to achieve all one’s ambitions. He looked down at his roses and went on watering them. Then he said “The only value in achieving one’s ambition is that you then realize that they are not worth achieving.” Quickly he moved the conversation on the weather. That was two years ago.

I recall this incident, for yesterday, I was passing his house, and had drawn up my cart just outside his garden wall. I had pulled in from the road for no other reason than to let a bus pass me.

3-6

Longtang was a product of Shanghai and belongs to the Shanghai people. It tells the story of Shanghai and reflects the culture, life-style and philosophy of Shanghai people, There were many types of longtang houses, and every one was a part of the whole. Reading the Shanghai longtang is like reading the social history of Shanghai and the Shanghai people.

In the recent years, Shanghai has been completing a floor area of 10 million square meters of new housing per year, but there are still 45% of the city population living in longtang. As the city is now under going a large-scale reconstruction, those longtangs of comparative good quality will be conserved and equipped with modern amenities, those of very poor condition will be demolished and those in between will be reformed in different ways, such as preserving their appearance and at the same time making them suitable to modern living. In this period of great development and drastic change, it is meaningful and important to recall and discuss the relations between the Shanghai longtang. Shanghai people and Shanghai culture.

3-7

I have 16 lessons a week none of them are the same class. The students are so lovely, I especially liked my class today – junior 1 the youngest of the school and willing to listen and learn.

The ages of the different classes are so mixed its hard to work out but so far we think that Juniorl is about 13-14, Junior2 is approx14-15, Seniorl may be 15-17and Senior217-18, but have yet to mark their work .Also there is Junior 3 and Senior 3 that we don′t teach and that and that mess up the age ranges. Basically there are 6 years with mixed ages and ability all really interested in anything foreign.

There are huge ability in each of the classes and in some cases ages too. In one senior class there were students from15 to 18 in the same class. The average size of my chasses is 55 and this makes it quite difficult to do ‘oral English’ as I am meant to. If I want to hear everyone it takes a long time and means that everyone starts taking.

Tuesday was a nightmarishly long day with 5 lessons and nutty students. However in my last class I was promoted to famous celebrity as all the students wanted me to sign their books.

3-8

I’ve devised a lesson to use the postcards we’re getting - descriptions and make up a story by looking at what is happening in the picture. We get some really good and imaginative thing out of it.

I think that future lessons will include: the British school system, English / Italian food and how to eat it- knives and forks and plates! - Also London, the weather and other things. Christmas will be really exploited throughout December.

This week did a directions lesson with the junior which leads on from what they are doing in their book so they know most of the vocable already. I am just someone directing it in a more fun way- get up and walk around the classroom to someone directing you. I did the shopping lesson to Junior 2 that I had originally planned for the junior 1 but they had found it all too difficult. (I’d spent ages planning it too.) It went much better with the J2 as they knew most of the vocable. Also as it involved some acting and looking at flash cards they seemed to be slightly more interested and remained at least slightly attentive which is more than can be said for them normally.

3-9

only a few children could be found playing around , and even fewer people passing by , occasionally two or three maid servants or cooks chatting in low voices by one side , or the gate of One house opened and a host bidding farewells to his guests , those who were passing by might cast a glance but tried not to pay attention .

In some large Iongtangs there inhabited nearly a hundreds or hundreds of households , they were like cities in a city. Within them there were groceries , snack shops , barber shops , hot water sellers , tailors and even small industries , “Longtang factory “ was one special feature of Shanghai . The owners of these factories were mostly’ technical workers themselves ，though the help of three or four apprentices , by careful design and fine workmanship, they could produce some very good and useful utensils and articles for daily use out from scraps cast away by the big factories , Their production had once played an important role in the small goods market in Shanghai. The present No.8 Steel Works of Shanghai was actually set up on the basis of several 1ongtang factories after l949 .

3-10

Exploring been restricted to the city and walking or bus route distances as still don’t have other bike. However did go to 7 Star Lakes yesterday and they were totally amazing and beautiful. The view from the top of the highest peak, straight up for 113m, was stunning. Could see all of ZhaoQing and it is just huge.

Rob and I went on an expedition in the rain to the photo shop, our current favorite place. Anyway we went off, me on my bike and him on Alex’s.

Then we decided to go off and explore for me to show him the sights. Well it was still pissing it down and now blowing a gale too but we are hardy types and suicidal bike rides are great fun--–rods are totally mad. We saw the most obvious sights and then with nothing better to do I decided to go and try and find the bridge out of town across the river.

Well after taking several random turns we happened across it and decided to cross. This is like the longest bridge you have ever seen and we on our rickety little bikes with no gears and huge amounts of traffic were trying to tackle it. Everything went fine until just after the half-way point. Here Alex’s bike chose to fail and the pedal fell off!

3-11

We have been out for the day with our very generous friend Tom and another of his friends, Pricilla, to visit Dinghu Mountain the most beautiful place ever. After that day I have realized what a beautiful place we live in. We are surrounded by mountains and looking up if seems like we are in the Alps .It’s just totally amazing, there are mountains and lakes all round and I’ve got the most beautiful picture ever of the sun setting behind the mountains.

Today, things have continued with a very interesting trip to visit some villages in the countryside with a Browning [friend].First we went to visit his father’s home village and his 200 year-old house where??Browning’s grandfather is still living. It was like a real live living and wording museum, all made of stone and wood ,totally fascinating. We walked up a small hill at the back of the village and the view over all the paddy fields and the old tiled roofs was amazing.

We ate lunch in the little house of a PLA soldier before sending a bucket down the well to get some water to wash our hands in. It was such a hot day today that summer rather than winter was on our minds.

3-12

This was what Lu Xun wrote in his essay , " Children in Shanghai” to depict a longtang of the lowest class . Residents of such sort of longtang , in order to lessen the burden of ' rents or to earn some extra money , usually lot out their surplus rooms to others and became an "er fang dong” ( literary a second landlord--a sublessors ) . Some even divided their houses into many small rooms , or built attics above and had them let to people who came to Shanghai to make a living or to take refuge .

Thus the longtang became very crowded , bad in living condition and frequent disputes occurred . A satirical play entitled " 72 Tenants” did give a vivid description of this sort of longtang. in longtangs of the middle and middle-lower classes , there were also some " er fang dong” and " san fang ke” ( those Who rented their rooms from the sublessor ) , but the ' er fang dong” here would choose their tenants . It 1s interesting to note that many progressive literary men from interior China at that time lived in the " tingzijian “, a small back room i11 a longtang house , which is old in the winter and hot in the summer.

3-13

Oct 30th – Well our change of season soon passed and it’s back to being the usual 27degrees with 80% humidity – I don’t think that I can deal with it for much longer.

It rains properly here. When it decides to rain, it really chucks it down and this time it continued long enough to make everything smell of damp and begin to grow mould. Luckily now it is back to boiling temps - 27℃ and 80% humidity – so we can get some washing done but I don’t know how we’ll cope when the real winter comes.

Nov 8th –Weather getting worse here too as it has begun to rain and we are still waiting for the tropical Typhoon to hit the mainland but seems to be getting weaker and weaker over the sea so probably won’t bring any excitement unlike you guys [in the UK, rain, rain, rain and floods].

Dec 7th – Here in China we are coping [with Christmas] just fine – nothing is happening! Only 2 shops in the whole town have any Christmas decorations in them and basically there really isn’t a very Christmas feel about the place. The fact that the temps are around 24degrees doesn’t really help the atmosphere that much either.

3-14

Only mad dogs and English girls go out in the very heavy typhoon rains. Yes we went on a shopping spree and got ourselves successful stuck in the middle of a huge road as the heavens opened and thunder and lightning reigned. The roads were completely clear save a few brave cars-totally unusual here as always so busy-and us huddling under a shop overhang with the shop-keepers staring at these mad people! Luckily we’d bought some umbrellas so not totally soaked although their original purpose was to protect us from the sun.

Sept 10th -Weather here is cooling down and have some nice winds/breezes. Gets decidely nice in evening without needing to shower constantly and didn’t sweat at all in last few lessons. Everyone says id the season.

Sept 20th -the temp is better now but still bloody hot.. Was 30℃ and 60% humidity, now 27℃ and 42% humidity.

Oct 7th -We were greeted by a full-blown typhoon and were soaked by the time we managed to run out of the train station down a waterfall and jump into a cab!

Oct 25th -I set off in the pissing pouring rain on my bike with one of these huge tent like ?macs ?all the chinese wear to cycle in.

3-15

Well it turned out we were in the right place and that everyone was waiting for the same train. An announcement got everyone stirring so up we jumped and pushed ourselves to the front of the queue only to remain standing there in sweltering heat for another 10minutes – seems the Chinese love queuing just as much as the English !! When the gates finally opened we filed through and were ordered into lines by official women shouting through megaphones. Once we were all in line we waited patiently until exactly on the dot of 11.59 the train pulled in. At this point organization went to pot and everyone started running for the doors. We were left rather with our mouths open wondering where the hell we were meant to be. Then after showing our tickets to several people who directed us up and down the platform again to different carriages we finally ran up to the right one shouting just as the whistle was being blown – so much for organization!!

On the train we found our berths, whole carriage was full of 3-tiered bunks and sleeping bodies. Have ?never ?been on a sleeper train before so was all very exciting.

3-16

Everyone very interested in Italian connections and one class asked me if I could teach them something about Italy!!! One girl in another class is already mad on Italian and trying to learn it so comes to me for help with pronunciation. Oh yeah and for a while now I have been giving a boy called Serious short French lessons every Friday lunch time. He is a total languages freak and is also in the process of learning Japanese because he has a Japanese friend via the internet!!! Anyway he has a book with some conversations in them and we just go through them with me translating and helping with his accent.

We had a great Halloween. After teaching all the kids to apple bob in the lessons and play pin-the-arm-on-the-skeleton, we went out and scared them all whilst they were at evening school. We had our flat all decorated up with blue lighting and spiders hanging from the ceiling so a great effect to introduce trick or treating to all our students – those that called got some sweets and an explanation. Then when they all had to go off to study, Alex and I got out the black make-up and clothes and did our best to be wicked witches.

3-17

A person , like a commodity , needs packaging . But going too far 1s absolutely undesirable , A little exaggeration , however , does no harm when it shows the person’s unique qualities to their advantage . To display personal charm in a casual and natural way,? it is important for one to have a clear knowledge of oneself . A master packager knows how to integrate art and nature without ally traces of embellishment , so that the person so packaged is no commodity but a human being , lively and lovely .

A young person , especially a female , radiant with beauty and full of life , has all the favor granted by God . Any attempt to make up would be self-defeating . Youth , however , comes and goes in a moment of doze , Packaging for the middle-aged is primarily to conceal the furrows ploughed by time . If you still enjoy life’s exuberance enough to retain self -confidence and pursue pioneering work , you are Unique in your natural qualities , and your charm and grace will remain . Elderly people are beautiful if their river of life has been , through plains , mountains and jungles , running its course as it should .

3-18

The house in longtangs ,generally two storied ,are proximately attached to each other in rows ,sharing the same front and lanes .People living along the same lane had the habit of nodding or each other when passing by ,some even had the mood to chat a little while .

Once a hawking was heard housewives of the same interest would come out ,they commented and exchanged opinions on the quality of the goods and bargained or help their neighbor to bargain with the peddler ,some of them also took this opportunity to gossip and exchange hearsays of the neighborhood forgetting what they intended to buy .

They advantages of the longtang life lie in the good neighborhood relationship ,”good neighbors are more helpful than far away relatives “proved to be true in Shanghai .For most of the Shanghai people at that time actually came from other places or cities. However? the shortcoming was ,as cited by Lu Xun in ditto essay ,”…… for those who make a living on writing ,if they fail in training themselves to be as calm as an ancient well ,owing to the noise outside .They can write nothing.”

3-19

Longtang and the longtang houses were native products of Shanghai soon after the city was forced to be opened to the West as a treaty port. At the beginning. Chinese were not allowed to live in the foreign concessions. Later on the British found that relying on the small sum of Western residents at that time would not be able to tap the big potentiality of Shanghai becoming a metropolis.

At the same time, incessant civil wars in China made a large number of wealthy Chinese refugees request to move into the foreign concessions. Then the authorities agreed to have them opened to the Chinese. But for the sake of management, large amount of collective dwellings were built in designate lots of land enclosed by walls.

The house, similar in design as the English terrace house, but to suit the Chinese way of living are surrounded by house-walls including a courtyard at front. They were arranged in line like barracks, row after row and could easily be accessed by sub-lanes connected to the main-lane, while only the main-lane could lead to the city road outside through an iron grille gate.

3-20

Architecture，especially residential architecture，is the mirror of social life。In old Shanghai those who could live in a longtang house could only be people with fixed income.

They had to be able to pay the monthly rent and tax for the house, in this case called the police tax. In the foreign concession, if one felled in payment, he must move out right away. Since the society was divided into different strata. The longtang houses were also classified into high, medium and low.

Different ranks of longtang houses were indeed different in construction quality. but more ever were different in location, The? longtang? houses in? Zhabei? and? Nanshi Districts were the lowest in rank, while those in? Hongkou? District were better, but those located along Bubbling well Road(Now Nanjing? Road West) and Avenue Xiafei were the highest. There used to be what so called the ‘Upper Corner’ and the “Lower Corner-of Shanghai, the Upper was referred to the best of location denoted above. And the “Lower” to the lower and lowest rank of location, the rent of houses in the two ??“Corners” could differ as much as to four or more than ten times.

第四章 中文录入

4-1

砀山梨历史悠久，享有盛名，特别是近年来的快速发展，是产量大幅上升。目前砀山县酥梨年产量已达5亿公斤，如何顺利销售却成了关键问题；县委县政府经过研究，决定采取保名牌，办市场、促销售的方针，县里制定了酥梨名牌战略规划，制定了酥梨标准化规程和生产技术管理规程，使砀山酥梨像工业品一样有了质量标准。

在生产环节上，建立了多个万亩精品示范园，普遍推广水果套袋技术，生产无公害绿色食品。并在每年春季举办梨花观赏活动，利用新闻媒介，多方法、多层次地宣传砀山酥梨。

县里为砀山酥梨申报了注册商标，并进入国际互联网销售。每年还拿出数百万元资金在中央电视台和各大销售区作酥梨广告、召开砀山酥梨产品发布会，并在上海等城市建立了专业水果批发市场。

通过这些措施，促进了砀山酥的产销二旺。农民从梨中获得的年人均收入约730元，占人均收入1840的40%。砀山梨仅特产税的收入5100万元，占全县财政收入22228万元的22.9%。经济林不仅富了农民，富了地方，而且有利地带动了二、三产业的发展。

4-2

免耕法的主旨是把耕作程序减少到作物生产所必需的最小程度，而又不至于破坏土壤。具体地说，就是尽量减少田间机械作业的工序，甚至除了播种之外，不采用任何耕作措施，而通过合理轮作，留茬覆盖，秸秆还田，适量施肥和化学除草杀虫等措施，为作物生长创造一个良好的生态环境，以达到高产低耗的目的。

其优越性主要体现在：保护土壤，减少水土流失和肥料损失；稳定耕作层的土壤结构，提高土壤肥力；减少地表蒸发，增加水的截留量；节省劳力、能源，降低机械投资和生产成本，提高劳动生产率。

安徽省休宁县石田林场自1993年起，进行免耕法试验，连续三年获得了成功。采用免耕法播种育苗，可以不受当地春季阴雨连绵天气的制约，做到适时早播，种子发芽早，苗木生长期长，可有效提高苗木的产量和质量，同时省工省时，每亩可节省直接费用360元。

该林场1993~1995年采用免耕法培育杉木苗木19.98亩，苗木出圃81万株，其中I级苗54万株，II级苗27万株，I级苗由过去的25%提高到66.7%，并节省直接费用7193元，收到了明显的经济效益。

4-3

当前，人类面临着环境、人口、资源三大难题。水土流失是世界环境中的主要问题之一，己经引起人们普遍关注。

根据联合国环境规划署1988年统计，全球 100 多个国家， 1 / 3 的陆地面积，即 45 亿公顷的土地受到沙漠化的威胁，由于侵蚀而流失的上壤每年高达 240 亿吨。水土流失是一场无声无息的环境危机，是一种还没有为人们充分认识的环境灾难。各国引起水土流失的原因不外乎自然和人为因素，在自然因素中尤以水蚀和风蚀为主，过度垦殖、毁林开荒是导致水土流失的重要原因。

水土流失首先会造成土地退化。1934年5月，美国东部发生了骇人听闻的“黑风暴”事件，水井、溪流千涸，小麦当年减产51亿公斤。其次是降低了水库效益。美国每年有 30 亿吨泥沙沉积在江河、水库、湖泊中，平均损失库容 11 亿立方米，损失达 5 亿美元。再次是河道航运能力下降。

美国 1935 年就制订了水土保持法和二十多个配套法规，在联邦农业部设立土壤保持局，50 个州、250个大区和3000个小区都设立了水保机构。澳大利亚于1938年制订水土保持法，政府联邦水土保持常务委员会是澳水保最高权利机构，各州设水保委员会,下设水保局。

4-4

杜仲为落叶乔木，是我国特有经济林树种之一。杜仲干直，枝叶茂密，根系发达，树姿优美，适应性强。

杜仲播种育苗一般春、秋播均可，但以春播为多。播种的圃地应选择在地势平坦、土壤疏松肥沃、排水性能良好、微酸性至中性的沙壤土为好。播种前对圃地要进行翻耕冻垫，并做成宽 lm ，高15~25cm 的苗床。同时，结合翻耕，每公顷施腐熟有机饼肥1.5t , 厩肥30t。为了减少地下害虫，还适量施生石灰、福尔马林等对圃地进行消毒。

为保证种子纯度和质量，提高发芽率。播种前要精选种子，并对种子进行催芽处理。通常采用水浸法和化学处理法。水浸法：将种用 30 ℃ 左右的温水浸泡 2 ~3 天，每天换水 2 次，待种子吸水膨大时，捞出晾干，即可播种。用化学处理法：将种子放入清水中浸泡3天，每天换水 1 次，然后放入浓度为2.00×10-6 奈乙酸液中浸泡6小时，捞出后用水洗净，晾干后即可播种。杜仲播种常采用条播方法，播种沟深 3cm ，行距20~25cm ，每米播下种子20 ~30 粒，每公顷播种100~150kg 。播种后覆 l ~2cm 细土，并浇水盖草保墒。

4-5

银杏是世界上最古老孑遗树种之一，也是集食用、药用、村用、防护、绿化观赏为一体的重要经济树种。我国是银杏的发祥地之一，银杏种质资源十分丰富，栽培历史悠久。近10年来，我国银杏栽培面积不断扩大，产量逐年上升，开发利用蓬勃兴起，经济效益显著提高，逐渐形成林业市场经济中颇具活力的新兴产业。

银分布我国24个省（市、区），至1997年底，全国银杏种植面积17 hm，年产白果（种核）1.2万吨，年产值4.8亿元。全国年产银杏干叶2万吨左右，年产值2亿元以上。银杏开发利用方兴未艾，起步虽较晚（80年代未），但发展速度快。1996年全国银杏制品销售额达3亿元，全国银杏叶黄酮甙提取厂家约70家，年产提取物90吨，70%作为药品出口。银杏保健品有银杏酒、茶、胶囊、饮料、冲剂及美容化妆品等。

银杏叶的提取物除药用外，还可人微言轻保健品原料，近年来，国内外对银杏叶的需求量越来越大，各生产厂家为争夺原料，甚至出现抢购局面，其价格不菲，使许多经营者从中得到了实惠，叶用林每年每亩可获得1000元以上的纯收益。

4-6

俗语说“寸草挡丈风”。空旷地区的农田防护林带能直接削弱风速，改变气流的交换，对林带网格内的农田小气候发生深刻的影响，从而为农作物的生长创造良好的条件。

据观测表明，林带能够降低风速的范围，在背风面可削弱风速的有效防护距离（指在此范围内不致造成灾害）为树高的15～20倍，在迎风面的有效防护距离可达树高的5倍左右。

由于风速的降低，农田土壤的蒸发量也相应减低巧15～25％。同时，由于林带阻碍了气流的上下交换，使下层空间的湿润空气在林带网格内的农田里停留时间较长，可提高农田防护区空气绝对温度0.2～3.2毫米，相对温度计1～5％。所以，在干旱风沙地区营造农田防护林带，能为农作物的生长创造极为有利的小气候条件。

林带不仅能改善小气候，同时有明显的护土作用。风沙越大，这种作用就越显著。在林带的保护下，由于风速的降低，风蚀现象大为削弱，沙埋良田现象受到制止，使肥沃表土得到保存。一般有林带防护的农田，土壤腐殖质含量较无林地区高15～36％。因而能从根本上改变干早风沙地区因风蚀使土壤肥力逐年递减的趋势。

4-7

在四十多亿年的地球发展史中，泛大陆形成和分裂过多次，最后一次完整的泛大陆大约是在2.25 亿年前形成的。这个泛大陆存在了数百万年以后，又开始显示出破裂的迹象。

早期恐龙在那时已经开始出现，并且有机会分散到泛大陆的各个地方。所以有陆地似乎都处在热带和温带环境内，所以恐龙可以在泛大陆的不同地区舒适地生活。

大约在2亿年前，泛大陆分裂成四部分。北部就是现在的北美、欧洲和亚洲，南部是由现在的南美和非洲，最南部是现在的南极洲和澳大利亚，印度是剩余的一小部分。

随着时间的流逝，北美又与亚洲和欧洲分开，南美也与非洲相离。（如果看一张地图，并假定把非洲和南美洲拼合在一起，你就会看到它们拼合得多么天衣无缝。）印度向北移动，并且大约在5000 万年前与亚洲相碰撞，形成巨大的喜马拉雅山脉，两个陆块在那里聚合并缓慢地把褶皱变形。南极和澳大利亚也已相互分离。

当大陆相互分离时，每一个大陆都携带着自己的恐龙而去。到6500万年以前，由于各种原因，所有的恐龙都灭绝了，大陆也已完全分开，因此现在的每一个大陆都有自己的恐龙化石。

4-8

斯石英并不十分稳定，原子之间靠得太近以至于它们又出现相互排斥的趋势，最后又变为普通沙子。然而，由于原子之间结合得极为致密，所以这种反弹变化进行得非常缓慢，从而使斯石英可保持数百万年。

如果你把温度升得足够高，就可使这种变化加快。增温可以增加原子的能量，使它们之间能够相互分离，返回到原始状态。因此，如果在850℃的温度下把斯石英加热30分钟，它将变为普通沙子。

斯石英可以在实验室制造，但它们在自然界存在吗？是的。然而它们只出现在沙子被强烈挤压的地方。

例如，在一些地方已经发现了斯石英，而且有证据显示这些地区曾经受到巨大陨石的撞击。撞击所产生的巨大压力形成了斯石英。另外，在进行过原子弹爆炸实验的场地了发现了斯石英，它是由膨胀火球的巨大压力形成。

似乎可以肯定地说，斯石英也应该出现在压力极高地地壳深处。在这种情况下，它可通过火山喷发被携带到地表。然而，喷发温度极高，岩石会被熔化，所以任何由火山携带而来的斯石英都被转化为普通的二氧化硅。事实上，在火山活动地区至今没有发现过期石英。

4-9

苏州丝绸工学院始建于1903年，前身是“上海私利女子蚕业学堂”，1921年迁校址于苏州浒墅关，改为公立“江苏省立蚕业学校”。解放后更名为“苏州丝绸工业专科学校”，1960年蚕桑和丝绸分家，原蚕桑部分属农业部留在浒墅关改称苏州蚕桑专科学校，丝绸分部直属纺织工业部迁至苏州相门外升格为“苏州丝绸工学院”。蚕专的校长和丝院的院长都是我国早年留学东洋的老一代著名蚕丝教育家郑辟疆，他夫人费达生任院常务副院长。

1978年学院只是一所仅有丝绸、染化、美术、机电四个系七个专业，不足千名在校生的袖珍大学。到1997年并入苏州大学之前，已经是拥有五个系十几个专业，三千多名在校生的中等规模的学校了。合并后的丝绸工学院原址仅保留了防治、染化等老专业，一度叫“苏州大学丝绸学院”。美术系、管理系和机电系等与苏州大学原来的一些专业另外成立了美术学院、机电学院、信息技术学院。丝绸学院后又改称“苏州大学材料工程学院”，彻底与丝绸划清了界限——我想这大都是为了回避这个已经十分不景气的行业名声的缘故吧？

4-10

科学小品因其篇幅的短小，只能取宇宙的一粒微尘，大海中的一滴水，认识体系之树上的一枝一叶，或科学与人生网上的一二小结。但只要作者有真知识，真情感，他就能大中见小，小中见大。在这1一点上，两为现代文学大师的提醒就十分重要了。一是1935年鲁迅在一场小品文大讨论中说：“篇幅短并不是小品文的特征。一是几何定理不过数十字，一部《老子》不过五千言，都不能说是小说。它应该想佛经的小乘似的，先讲内容，然后讲篇幅。讲小道理，或设道理，而又不是长篇的，才可谓之小品。”二十王国维1908年在《人间词话》里说的“境界有大小，不以是分优劣。”

我国科学小品的萌芽，可以上溯到先秦，至如南朝的郦道元，北宋的沈括，明代的徐霞客、王折，以至清代的小说家蒲松龄，更已有独立成篇、足以传世的科学小平。但我们这里说的“科学小品”，特指现代科学小品，即除了现代文学观念之外，它所运用的和反映的，是现代科学观念和现代生活观念。在我国，这种意义上的科学小品发生在提倡科学与民主、与“中学为本、西学为用”相对立的五四新文化运动前后。

4-11

科学普及的形式并不限于文字，在文字中更不限于文学。作为科学知识的载体，特别是作为科技新动态的载体，无论发表的速度、数量，科学小品的重要性都不如并不注重文学表现的科普短文。科普短文的长处，是直截了当；直截了当和随之而来的快捷，是大众传媒需要的两种重要品质。

科学小品和科普短文的主体都是科学，但科学小品是美文。和诗歌、戏剧、小说相比，科学小品的长处是善于兼容逻辑抽象思维与艺术形象思维，融叙事、议论、抒情于一炉，故能舒卷自如，更便于游弋于科学与文学两个领域之间。简而言之，“科学小品”的文学功能，一在窥视科学的素质和科学内涵的趣味，二在发现科学与社会、生活、文化、人生的联系。

1934年“科学小品”之名在呐喊中诞生，是科学小品发轫以后意见有里程碑意义的事。在1983年，在全国18家晚报以及联合举办科学小品征文的活动，为它树立了第二座里程碑。此后，中国晚报科学编辑记者学会又在1986年、1994年促成了第二届、第三届科学小品联合征文，每届应征的文稿也都在万件上下。影响之巨，前所未有。

4-12

印刷术究竟是什么年代发明的？根据现有资料，已经无法确定。但它是由拓石和盖印两种方法逐步发展而合成的。从现存最早文献和最早的印刷实物来看，我国雕刻印刷术是在公元 7 世纪出现的。为了了解雕刻印刷术，首先我们先来了解一下拓石和盖印。

早在公元前 4 世纪时，已经有了印章。秦、汉的印章多用作封发物件，把印盖于封泥之上，以防私拆，并作信验。而官印又是权力的象征，当时都是刻成凹入的阴文，公元1世纪以后逐渐改刻成凸起的阳文，后简犊改为纸张之后，封泥失去效用，印章改用朱色铃盖，阳文印章的流行更广。印章创造了从反刻的文字取得正写文字的方法，阳文印章的作用，就提供了一种从阳文反写的文字取得正写的文字的复制技术。

在公元前 7 世纪，我国就有了石刻文字。为了免去从石刻上抄写的劳动，至公元 4 世纪左右，就发明了以湿纸紧覆在石碑上，用墨打拓其文字或图形的方法，叫做“拓石”。后来，又将刻在石碑上的文字，刻在木板上，再进行传拓、所以开始在木板上雕刻文字是供传拓用的。石刻文字是阴文正写，这就提供了从阴文正写取得正字的复制技术。

4-13

中国最早的竹木简古写本是《仪礼》。1959年考古学家在武威汉墓中发现了504根竹、木简。其中有469根，据初步考订，是西汉末年所抄写的《仪礼》。这是中国目前已发现的最早的比较完整的古写本书。

我国最早的帛写书是《缯书》。《缯书》距今已有两干多年。l942年9月在湖南长沙东郊子弹库的纸源冲的战国楚墓中出土。这是一件用毛笔墨书、彩绘在丝织品上的帛书，高约30厘米、长约39厘米。帛的中间写有长篇文字，分左右两部分。左方十三行，右方倒写11行，共计六百多字。所用字体为战国时代的古文，有的文字漫漶不清，多不可识。文字四周有植物、怪兽、三头戴角人像等十二奠。图像间注有说明文字

我国文献资料中提到的最早的雕版印刷书是唐朝的《女

则》。根据明朝邵经邦《弘简录》一书的记载，唐太宗的皇后长孙氏编了一本书，名叫《女则》。贞观十年，长孙皇后死去，宫中有人把此书送给唐太宗。唐太宗看到这本书讲的都是封建社会中妇女典型人物的故事，宣扬封建伦理道德，对巩固封建王朝的统治有好处，就下令用雕版印刷把它印了出来。

4-14

宋朝庆历年间（公元 1041-1048 年），印刷史上的伟大创举——活字版诞生了。从此，印刷技术进入了一个新时代——活字版印刷的时代。这一伟大的发明者就是毕升。

关于毕升的生平事迹，以及他发明活字版的经过，除了沈括在《 梦溪笔谈 》一书中的记载外，还找不到第二个文献资料。

沈括只说他是个布衣，籍贯及生平一点都没有交代。关于毕升的职业，以前曾有人作过各种推猜，但最为可靠的说法，毕升应当是一个从事雕版印刷的工匠。因为只有熟悉或精通雕版技术的人，才有可能成为活字版的发明者。

根据沈括的记载，北宋庆历年间（ l 041 一 1048 年），毕升发明活字版，他的活字是用胶泥制作，经火烧后使其坚固。活字按韵排列存放‘活字呈片状，排版前先在铁板上铺以松脂，蜡与纸灰的混合材料，排好一版活字后，将铁板加热，再用一平板压字面，以便将全部活字粘于铁板上，并保证字面平整，以利于印刷。印完后，再将活字退放原处，以便下次使用。为了提高效率，可用两块铁板，交替使用。由此可见，毕升发明的活字版，己具完整的工艺技术。

4-15

自南宋以来，江浙一带就是全国印刷中心，有的印书作坊延续几代而不衰。这一带印刷最集中的是杭州、金陵、苏州、常州、无锡等地。特别是苏州的印刷，在清代有了很快的发展，成为全国最有名的印刷地区之一。

扫叶山房是苏州印刷历史比较悠久的书坊之一。创设于明代后期，最初设在苏州。主人洞庭席氏。取古人校书如扫落叶之义，起扫叶山房为肆名。刻印经、史、子、集四部之书，以及笔记小说、村塾所用经史读本，多达数百余种。扫叶山房刻有《十七史》；乾隆六十年（1795年）刻印的《东都事略》一百三十卷、《契丹国志》二十七卷、《大金国志》四十卷、《元史类编》四十二卷；嘉庆二年（1797年）刻印的《南宋书》六十八卷，世称《四朝别史》；嘉庆五年（1800年）刻印的《唐六典》三十卷、《东观汉记》二十四卷、《吴越备史》四卷、《契丹国志》、等，此时主持刻书的是席世臣。以上各书，字体仍仿汲古阁本，为扁方形。

到同、光年间，扫叶山房刻书种类更多，数量更大，行销大江南北，常见的有《毛声山评点绣像金批第一才子书三国演义》，《绣像评点封神榜全传》，《千家诗》，《龙文鞭影》初、二集附《童蒙四字经》。

4-16

早在辽、金时期，北京就开始出现了民间印刷业，但其规模一直不大。到了明代，随着政府印刷的大规模发展，才有了很快的发展，但还比不上江浙一代的一些城市。

北京是清代政府所在地，是全国政治文化中心，图书文化事业繁荣发达，书铺林立，仅琉璃厂一带就有一百多家，隆福寺街也是京都书肆繁集之处。有的以贩卖为主，有的兼作雕版印刷发行。

如老二酉堂、聚珍堂、荣禄堂、文贵堂、文友堂等，都是刻印兼发行的。所刻书大部分是村塾采用的 《 五经 》 、 《 四书 》 和启蒙学的 《 三字经 》 、 《 百家姓 》 、 《 千字文 》 、 《 弟子规 》 、 《 七言杂字 》 以及初学书写临摹的字帖等。或者是星相、佛经、善书、类书、小说等。这些刻本，不为藏家士大夫所重视，大都行销民间，所以保存下来的也很少。

嘉庆六年（ 1801 年）京都文萃堂刻有 《 新刻校正买卖蒙古同文杂字 》 ，蒙汉图文对照，三节版，上层下层为对照文字，中间是图。收辑了许多当时习用的会话词语，刻印精雅，携带方便。除此之外，为了方便各族语言的交流，还刻有学习满、蒙、汉文对照的 《 三合便览 》 ，全书十二册。亦当时坊间刻本。

4-17

青海湖地处青藏高原，这里地域辽阔，草原广袤，河流众多，水草丰美茂。湖的四周被四座高山所环拥：北面是崇宏壮丽

的大通山，东西是巍峨雄伟的日月山，南面是逶迤连绵的青海南山，西面是峥嵘嵯峨的橡皮山。

青海湖的形成和变迁，是大自然的杰作。早在两亿三千万年以前，青藏高原是一片浩瀚无际的古海洋。200万年前，剧烈的

造山运动使得这片古海洋逐渐隆起，一跃形成了世界屋脊。海水被逼走时，有的被四周的高山环绕起来，形成了大大小小的

湖泊。青海湖就是被山脉堵塞而形成的一个巨大湖泊。当时，它是一个外泄湖，周围有100多条河流注入湖中，同时湖水又从

东面注入黄河。

大约距今100万年前的第四纪，青海湖东面的日月山发生了强烈的隆起，拦截了青海湖的出口，原来从青海湖向东流出的河流，

被迫向西流入青海湖，形成了我国罕见的自东向西流的倒淌河。青海湖也成为一个流水只入不出的闭塞湖。由于青海湖位于西

北气候干燥地区，湖水蒸发量大于湖水注入量，因此湖水不断下降，湖面逐渐缩小，与初期的湖区相比，湖面缩小了三分之一，

水位降低了80~100m。 4-18

据1977年～1986年间由南极研究科学委员会和海洋研究科学委员会等国际组织赖和的海上调查表明，南大洋的磷虾蕴藏量约为4亿吨～6亿吨。据此，生物学家们估计，如果每年磷虾的捕获量不超过5000万吨的话，不会影响南大洋海域的生态平衡，磷虾会正常的生长与发展。

磷虾，是龙虾和对虾的祖辈，辈分虽高，但进化很慢，不善于游泳，在海洋中过着漂移的生活。属浮游甲壳动物。南大洋磷虾有8种，其中数量最大的叫南极大磷虾，它的体长是磷虾中最大者，成虾长45毫米～60毫米，最大可达90毫米。

南极磷虾是高蛋白质的食物。据生物学家测定，南极磷虾肉中含蛋白质17.56%，脂肪2.11%，且含人体所必需的全部氨基酸。尤其是代表营养学特征的赖氨基酸的含量更为丰富，与金枪鱼、虎纹虾和牛肉相比，南极磷虾的赖氨基酸含量最高。世界卫生组织曾将南极磷虾、对虾、牛乳和牛肉的氨基酸综合营养价值比较评分，结果磷虾得100分，牛肉96分，牛乳91分，对虾71分。据分析，人体所必需的8种氨基酸，磷虾中均有，且合起来占蛋白质含量的42.04%。

4-19

大理是一座历史悠久的古城，始建于公元 764 年，迄今己 1236 年。唐代南诏国和宋代大理国政权均建都城于此。现在，又是白族人聚居地的中心。既有不少历史遗迹，又有诸多民族风情与现代文明。

大理位于苍山脚下，洱海之滨，山清水秀，风景宜人。巍巍苍山，茫茫洱海，加上大理三塔，山海塔胜景实为古城之光辉。

洱海水面辽阔，碧波粼粼。两岸苍山如屏，湖山相映，景美如画，素有“玉洱银苍”之称。湖中有“三岛、四洲、五湖、九曲”之胜景。三岛为金梭岛、赤文岛、玉九岛；四洲为青莎鼻洲、大贤洲、鸳鸯洲、马镰洲；五湖即太平湖、莲花湖、星湖、神湖、漪湖。

洱海之滨有“风光雪月”之美，即人们常说的“下关风、上关花、苍山雪、洱海月”。还有值得一提的是，洱海边上大理城下的蝴蝶泉，彩蝶纷飞，是“五朵金花”的故乡，白族人善于对歌，“蝴蝶泉边采花蜜噢”的优雅朗朗歌声曾振荡着千百万人们的心。还有，金梭岛上的南诏王避暑行宫遗址、喜州白族民居建筑聚群、大理城里的洋人街、独具匠心的大理石和扎染工艺品等组成了苍山洱海绚丽多彩的系列旅游观光地。

4-20

鉴湖位于绍兴城南，时我国长江以南著名的水利工程，古鉴湖淹废后的残留部分。俗称长湖、照湖、庆湖，雅名镜湖、贺鉴湖。

东汉永和五年，会稽太守马臻利用当定地形和水利特点，相形度势，主持兴建了古鉴湖，湖面面积逾200.0k㎡,周长179.0km，汇纳会稽山麓诸河来水于湖内，灌田九千余顷，民深受其利。后因会稽山区森林被毁，水土流失严重，水利失修及豪强围垦掠夺等原因，于南宋时,湖被湮废。

鉴湖一带是典型的江南水乡风光。湖上桥堤相连，渔舟时现，青山隐隐，绿水迢迢。王羲之诗：“山阴道上行，如在镜中游。”

鉴湖水质清澈，含有丰富的Ca和微量的元素Li，是酿造“绍兴黄酒”的极佳水源。由其酿造出来的绍兴黄酒醇香扑鼻，驰名中外。

现残留之鉴湖，湖面东起亭山，西至湖塘，长约23.0km，平均宽108m，最宽300余米，形似河流。鉴湖所在的绍兴，距杭州东南60km处，其历史悠久，春秋时为越过都城，称“越池”。南宋初年，宋高宗赵构难逃，曾在此暂住，取“绍祚中兴”之义，改越州为绍兴，而得名至今。