哪些人逝世联合国降半旗了

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1976年1月8日,周恩来逝世时,设在美国纽约的联合国总部门前的联合国旗降了半旗。自1945年联合国成立以来,世界上有许多国家的元首先后去世,联合国还没有为谁下过半旗。
  一些国家感到不平了,他们的外交官聚集在联合国大门前的广场上,言辞激愤地向联合国总部发出质问:我们的国家元首去世,联合国的大旗升得那么高,中国的总理去世,为什么要为他下半旗呢?
当时的联合国秘书长瓦尔德海姆站出来,在联合国大厦门前的台阶上发表了一次极短的演讲,总共不过一分钟。
  他说:“为了悼念周恩来,联合国下半旗,这是我决定的,原因有二:
  一是,中国是一个文明古国,她的金银财宝多得不计其数,她使用的人民币多得我们数不过来。可是她的周总理没有一分钱存款!
  二是,中国有10亿人口占世界人口的1/4,可是她的周总理没有一个孩子。你们任何国家的元首,如果能做到其中一条,在
他逝世之日,总部将照样为他降半旗。”
  说完,他转身就走,广场上外交官各个哑口无言,随后响起雷鸣般的掌声。瓦尔德海姆机敏而锋利的谈吐,不仅表现了他机智无比的外交才能,同时也反映了我们敬爱的周总理的高尚品格是举世无双。
这种闭关锁国时代产生的极具中国特色的可笑演义至今还在流传,甚至一些人还深信,真是令人叹息。周总理去世联合国总部降半旗志哀是联合国惯例,周总理的待遇并无任何特殊之处,降半旗的相关规定其实在网上查一下就一目了然了,呵呵。杜撰这个故事的思维方式也明显极具中国特色:“一些国家的外交官”是不可能不顾外交礼仪到广场上闹事的;作为联合国秘书长的瓦尔德海姆讲话如此情绪化、中国思维方式化是可笑的,漏洞百出。中国人出于热爱可以很情绪相信“周总理没有一分钱存款”,且不说“周总理没有一分钱存款”的真实性,对于现代社会而言,只要钱的来路正当,政治家是否杰出的标准与其私人存款并无直接关系;即使是按国外的传统观念也往往认为人没有孩子其实是人生的一个缺憾,从外交礼仪上联合国秘书长是不会主动提及周总理没孩子这一现象的,更不可能以此来宣扬周总理的品格高尚。这故事首先告诉读者,联合国为悼念周恩来总理而下半旗是没有先例的。有一个“破例下半旗”的前提,才可能有后面那精彩的演讲。说故事的人大概想以此证明周恩来享有很高的国际的荣誉,破格悼念显得人格非凡。可惜这是不真实的。联合国为悼念周恩来下半旗并不是破例之举。联合国于1947年制定了一部旗典(Flag Code)。其中有关致哀的规定是:凡成员国的国家元首或者政府首脑去世,必须在纽约总部和日内瓦的办事处降半旗致哀一天。因此1976年1月为周恩来降半旗只是例行公事。没有破例这个前提,后面的故事就显得荒谬了。没有听说有哪个国家驻联合国的使节会为了例行公事而“言辞激愤”。真有这样的不懂联合国的基本规章的外交官的话,他们应当感到“羞愧”而不是“激愤”。当然,秘书长也就不需要做特别的说明了。杜撰出来的那段秘书长的“极短的演讲”以及它产生的戏剧般效果,本身很有问题。硬要把中国特色的感情推销给洋人,杜撰一个“老支书”式的联合国秘书长。没有哪一份文件告诉我们说周恩来逝世时的银行存款余额具体是多少。中国没有公布国家领导人个人财产的制度。联合国也从不要求成员国报告其国家领导人的收入情况。秘书长无从知道周恩来个人的财务状况,怎能信口说他存款是多少?“没有存款没有子女”的确是那时中国人民爱戴、悼念自己的总理的一个理由。它符合当时中国的国情。当时中国处在热烈的革命状态。革命革到一贫如洗、革到家庭遭受损失的人被认为是坚定的。这是没有疑问的。但是它在中国以外的、人性不曾灭绝的地方,就未必同样令人赞赏。特别是没有子女,更多地被认为是一种人生的缺憾,绝没有任何“革命美德”的含义。真正尊敬爱护周恩来的外国友人是不愿意去议论这一点的。特别是在悼念的场合下更不应该提起。而该故事却让秘书长瓦尔德海姆大张旗鼓地推崇这种状况,似乎还鼓励别的国家领导学习:“你们任何国家的元首,如果能做到其中一条,...”云云。试问这个“秘书长”:做到“身后无子女”这一条是什么好事吗?你打算让那些已经有了子女的各国领导人怎样去“做到”这一条以便赢得尊敬?讲出这种话,哪里是什么“秘书长”,分明是个中国民间老冒。这种故事如果在“广大工农兵群众”里流传,倒不奇怪。对国外的情况不了解,难免把自己的思维习惯套在外国人头上。奇怪是一位名叫吴妙发前驻联合国的官员也这样讲。而他“回忆”起这故事的过程也很奇特。他在90年代曾单独或者与人合作出过多部关于乔冠华和联合国的书。在至少两本书中他记载了在联合国悼念周恩来的情况。均无一字提到上述故事。只提到了“中国代表团驻地”降半旗、布置灵堂、以及各国外交官的前来悼念等事情。没有一丝联合国总部降旗以及广场上响起 “雷鸣般掌声”这些情节。而到2002年1月,他却突然杜撰出了这个故事。文章登在1月8日的人民网上。他声称“这是联合国建立50多年以来罕见的事情”。还有鼻子有眼地说:“当年我站在联合国广场聆听了秘书长瓦尔德海姆对此作出的既感人又意味深长的讲话。”这实在是令人称奇。在联合国工作多年的吴先生怎么会不晓得“联合国旗典与规则”?1976年时中国所有报刊,包括毛主席他老人家,都讲中国有八亿人口。吴先生怎么会“聆听”到秘书长讲出“中国有10亿人口”这样超前的统计数字?中国出使联合国的人很多,何以别人没有见到,独吴先生见到了如此“罕见的事情”?又何以他要把这“罕见的事情”压了那么多年才肯说出来?看了同为驻联合国的中国外交官宗道一批评吴妙发的一篇文章后,才对这位吴外交官的轻率妄言习惯有所认识。宗道一指出吴妙发所著的三部关于乔冠华与联合国的书里存在着多处错误、抄袭、和编造现象。例如把周恩来会见瓦尔德海姆的照片说成“美国总统尼克松访华的历史一刻”,他大段抄袭熊向晖等人的书作,添油加醋地编造领袖言论,竟还能把林彪宣读520声明的情形描写成“毛主席那洪亮的声音,坚定的语调感染了在场的每一个人。”等等。宗道一不得不规劝吴妙发:“须知创作不应抄袭,史作不该杜撰。这是常规,并非苛求。”原来是这样一个不负责任的作者。其故事的可信度可想而知了。杜撰情节,用假故事去“缅怀伟人”。这样的做法不能为周恩来增光,反给周添尴尬。顺便说,为了证明谁谁伟大,就编造洋人怎样敬仰他的故事。这种事在中国并不少见。在一个声称很讨厌“挟洋自重”的国度里,这做法多少有点讽刺的意味。附:联合国旗典与规则中有关的致哀部分。The United Nations Flag Code and Regulations
V. MOURNING a. Upon the death of a Head of State or Head of
Government of a Member State, the United Nations Flag will be
flown at half-mast at United Nations headquarters, at the
United Nations Office at Geneva and at United Nations offices
located in that Member State; b. On such occasions, at
Headquarters and at Geneva, the United Nations Flag will be
flown at half-mast for one day immediately upon learning of
the death. If, however, Flags, have already been flying on
that day they will not normally be lowered, but will instead
be flown at half-mast on the day following the death; c.
Should the procedure in paragraph (b) above not be practicable
due to weather conditions or other reasons, the United Nations
Flag may be flown at half-mast on the day of the funeral.
Under exceptional circumstances it may be flown at half-mast
on both the day of the death and the day of the funeral; d.
United Nations offices other than those covered by paragraph
(a) a! bove in the case of the death of a national figure or a
Head of State or Head of Government of a Member State, will
use their discretion, taking into account the local practice,
in consultation with the Protocol Office of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and/or the Dean of the locally accredited
Diplomatic Corps; e. The head of a specialized agency is
authorized by the Secretary-General to lower the United
Nations Flag flown by the agency to half-mast in cases where
he wishes to follow the official mourning of the country in
which the office of the agency is located. He may also lower
the United Nations Flag to half-mast on any occasion when the
specialized agency is in official mourning; f. The United
Nations Flag may also be flown at half-mast on special
instructions of the Secretary-General on the death of a world
leader who has had a significant connection with the United
Nations; g. The Secretary-General may in special circumstances
decide that the United Nations Flag, w! herever displayed,
shall be flown at half-mast during a period of official United
Nations mourning; h. The United Nations Flag when displayed at
half-mast should first be hoisted to the peak for an instant
and then lowered to the half-mast position. The Flag should
again be raised to the peak before it is lowered for the day;
i. When the United Nations Flag is flown at half-mast no other
flag will be displayed; j. Crepe streamers may be affixed to
flagstaffs flying the United Nations Flag in a funeral
procession only by order of the Secretary-General of the
United Nations; k. When the United Nations Flag is used to
cover a casket, it should not be lowered into the grave or
allowed to touch the ground.
苏联 约瑟夫·维萨里奥诺维奇·斯大林(Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили; Сталин,1879年12月9日(儒略历12月21日)—1953年3月5日,"At United Nations headquarters, the flags of all 60 member nations were taken down, and the sole flag of the U.N. fluttered at half-mast."印度 莫罕达斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地(Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi),1869年10月2日—1948年1月30日:"The United Nations flew the flag at half mast, and the Security Council cancelled all meetings to pay their respects to Gandhi."巴勒斯坦 亚西尔·阿拉法特 亚西尔·阿拉法特:Muhammad Abd ar-Rauf al-Qudwah al-Husayni/Yasser Arafat,1929年8月24日—2004年11月11日),"UN flag at half mast for Arafat Annan gives 'special
tribute' at General Assembly"教宗/教皇 若望·保禄二世(拉丁语Ioannes Paulus PP. II ,有译作约翰·保罗二世,原名卡罗尔·约泽夫·沃伊蒂瓦(Karol Józef Wojtyła)"The UN flag is at half-mast today, in observance of the Popes passing, UN agency heads paid tribute to the Pope John Paul II and the Security Council today observed one minutes silence in memory of the Pope. " 民主刚果 朗·卡比拉总统 (Laurent-Désiré Kabila) 1939年11月27日—2001年1月18日,:"On Tuesday, the UN flag will be flown at half mast in observance of official mourning for the late President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Laurent Desire Kabila, whose funeral will take place that day in Kinshasa. As is the custom, no other flags will be flown that day."沙特阿拉伯 法赫德·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹国王 1869年10月2日—1948年1月30日, :"Today, the UN flag is at half-mast in honor of the late King." 摩纳哥 兰尼埃三世 The UN flag is flying at half mast today in observance of the official mourning for His Serene Highness Prince Rainier of Monaco, whose funeral is being held today. 叙利亚 阿萨德总统 Today, the UN flag outside Headquarters in New York is being flown at half-mast, in observance of the official mourning for President Hafez al-Assad of Syria. 多哥 埃亚德马总统 The UN flag at UN Headquarters were flown at half-mast today in observance of the official mourning of President Eyadema.多米尼加 皮埃尔·查尔斯总理
The UN flag was at half mast today, because of the death of Pierre Charles, Prime Minister and Minister for Finance and Planning of the Commonwealth of Dominica, on January 6. 马其顿 鲍里斯·特拉伊科夫斯基,前总统 The UN flag is being flown at half mast today, and the other flags outside UN headquarters are not flying, to mark the United Nations official mourning following the death Thursday of President Boris Trajkovski of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 尼泊尔 比兰德拉国王、迪彭德拉国王 The United Nations flag is at half-mast and no national flags are flying at headquarters today in observance of the official mourning for Their Majesties King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev and King Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev of the Kingdom of Nepal. 克罗地亚 图吉曼总统 The Secretary-General has sent a letter to the Acting President of Croatia, Vlatko Pavletic, expressing his condolences to the people and Government of Croatia on the passing of President Franjo Tudjman Friday night. There are no flags flying in front of UN Headquarters today, except the UN flag, which is at half-mast. 图瓦卢 艾奥纳塔纳总理 The UN flag flying outside Headquarters is at half mast today, and no other flags are flying outside the building, to mark the official mourning for the late Prime Minister of Tuvalu, Ionatana Ionatana, who passed away on December 8. 格鲁吉亚 祖拉布·日瓦尼亚总理(格鲁吉亚语:ზურაბ ჟვანია;斯拉夫语:Зураб Жвания英语:"Zurab Zhvaynya" U.N. FLAG AT HALF-MAST AS PART OF MOURNING FOR GEORGIAN PRIME MINISTER: The UN flag is flying at half mast today, in observance of the official mourning for the Prime Minister of Georgia, Zurab Zhvania, who passed away yesterday.http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2005/05-02-04.undh.html瑙鲁 多威约戈总统 The United Nations flag is being flown at half-mast today. This is to observe the official mourning for the President of Nauru, Bernard Dowiyogo, who died on Sunday.http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2003/03-03-11.undh.html瑞士航空111号班机 a sign of mourning, the United Nations flag will be flown at half-mast at the Geneva Office on Friday. 世界食品组织专机 The first of a several memorial services this week for the 24 victims of last Friday's World Food Programme (WFP) plane crash in Kosovo was held today at the WFP headquarters in Rome. In New York, the UN flag flew at half mast today in honor of the victims. From 12:45 to 1 p.m. at UN Headquarters, Deputy Secretary-General Louise Frechette led a service during which she paid tribute to those who lost their lives in a mission to improve the lives of others. 911恐怖袭击受难者 "The UN flag is at half-mast today to mark yesterday's horrific terrorist attacks in the United States. " At 8:46 this morning, a solitary United Nations Security Officer lowered the United Nations flag to half-mast as part of an international day of remembrance for the victims of the terror attacks of September 11.联合国维和部队 The UN flag at Headquarters is flying at half-mast today, to officially mourn the killing of the peacekeepers. The UN flag has been at half-mast at the Headquarters in New York since Tuesday afternoon, while the UN Office in Nairobi held an event to show solidarity with their colleagues in Baghdad, which some 600 staff attended.
1952年11月11日由联合国秘书长修订的联合国旗典文本
  8.哀悼
  联合国秘书长将根据规章或者其他依据对以降半旗作为哀悼的方式的情况作出规定。
  1967年1月1日,以下的规章取代了1952年11月11日由联合国秘书长修订的相关规则,并充实到联合国旗典中去。
  V.哀悼
  a.基于成员国国家元首或政府首脑逝世的情况,联合国总部和日内瓦办事机构以及联合国驻该成员国的办事机构的联合国旗帜实行降半旗仪式致哀
  b.降半旗仪式时间应该在得知元首逝世消息的当天。但如果当天,联合国旗帜已经全升,则不宜再降下,而应将降旗仪式推迟到逝世后次日进行。
  c.如果由于天气或其他原因导致上述程序(b段)无法进行,联合国旗帜应在元首葬礼当天实行降半旗。在特殊情况下,在元首逝世和葬礼两天,联合国旗均降半旗。
  d.遇一国元首或政府首脑逝世的情形下,除了(a)项所涉之外的其他联合国机构,可在与该国外交部的礼仪机构和(或)当地的该国外交公使团负责人接洽后,根据实地的不同情况行使自由决断权(即考虑适用当地习惯的哀悼礼)。
  e、在联合国秘书长授权下,联合国专门机构的负责人可以在希望遵从该机构所在国的官方悼念而下指令该部门降半旗。他也能授权在专门机构进行官方悼念的任何时候对联合国旗实行降半旗。
  f、联合国旗也可以根据联合国秘书长的特别建议对与联合国有重大联系的世界级领导人的逝世降半旗。
  g、联合国秘书长在特殊情况下可以决定在任何地方的联合国旗在联合国的官方悼念期内降半旗。
  h、联合国旗在实行降半旗仪式时,应先将旗升至旗杆顶间歇,然后再降至半旗位置。而在当天降(收)旗的之前,也要先将旗升至杆顶再降旗。
  i、联合国旗降半旗时,会员国国旗一律不悬挂。
  j、只有在联合国秘书长命令之下,方可对葬礼队列中升有联合国旗的旗杆装饰褶皱彩带。
  k、当用联合国旗覆盖棺木的时候,旗帜不允许低于墓穴或接触地面。
另有:
早于周总理逝世的世界级政治人物,是否从来没有享受到这种待遇呢?历史告诉我们也是有的。
  ①1948年1月印度的圣雄甘地遇刺逝世,世界哀悼,联合国为他逝世,降了半旗。(这时1947年旗典已经存在)
  这方面的证据,可见也有文献【3】佐证,其中关键性的语句为
  “The United Nations flew the flag at half mast, and the Security Council cancelled all meetings to pay their respects to Gandhi.”
  ②1968年4月美国的杰出黑人领袖马丁·路德·金逝世后,联合国下半旗哀悼(这时旗典已经1967年修订)
  这方面的介绍,可见美国的档案资料网【4】,其中关键性的语句为
  “King's death preempted the nation's attention: There were memorial marches and rallies throughout the U.S., ……the UN flag flew at half-mast, the opening of the baseball season (scheduled for April 8) was postponed, ……”
  可见周总理也并非是作为杰出政治人物逝世联合国降半旗悼念的事实上的第一人。