历史教科书最烂的五个国家

历史教科书最烂的五个国家编辑本段回目录

IRAN

伊朗

Lesson plan: Religious warfare, gender roles

教学烂点：宗教冲突，性别歧视

Subject matter: Iranian leaders may have embraced new media to share political messages with the world, but at home, indoctrination still starts in print. According to one study, Iranian textbooks teach seventh graders that "every Muslim youth must strike fear in the hearts of the enemies of God and their people through combat-readiness and skillful target shooting." Iranian males are obliged by law to perform 18 months of military service at age 19. The Islamic Republic, a 2008 Freedom House study reports, encourages students to embrace Islamic supremacy and an unequal political system in which "some individuals are born first-class citizens, due to their identity, gender, and way of thinking." Women, for example, are portrayed as "second class citizens," depicted mainly in family situations and at home.

主要内容：伊朗领导人已经学会运用新媒体与世界分享政治信息，但是在伊朗国内，教育灌输仍然大行其道。一份报告显示，伊朗教科书向七年级学生宣称：“每一个青年穆斯林都要战胜对上帝及其信徒的恐惧，那就要学会时刻准备战斗以及准确射击目标。”伊朗男性在19岁时必须在军队服务18个月。一份自由宫组织的报告称，这个伊斯兰共和国鼓励学生支持伊斯兰霸权以及不平等政治体制——“在这个体制里，人们由身份、性别、以及思维方式而被确定为一等公民。”而女性被视为“二等公民，”常常被认为需要呆在家中。1

Primary source: "Defensive jihad is incumbent upon every one, the young and the old, men and women, everyone, absolutely everyone, must take part in this sacred battle, fight to the best of his or her abilities or assist our fighters." -- from a seventh grade Islamic culture and religious studies textbook

例证：“对所有人，防卫性的讨伐异教徒行动无处不在，无论男女还是老少，每一个人，绝对的每一个人，需要参与圣战，尽全力参与战斗或者尽全力协助我们的战士”——来自七年级伊斯兰文化和宗教教科书。2

China 

中国

Lesson plan: Alternate history

教学烂点：矛盾的历史

Subject matter: Chinese history textbooks, much like the country's hesitant acceptance of itself as a world power, are full of contradictions. China, in the eyes of millions of its students, is both meekly innocent and unmatched in military power, simultaneously modest and boastful. Chinese textbooks ignore the invasion of Tibet in 1950 and the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War, launched by China in response to Vietnam's occupation of Cambodia, and teach that China has only fought wars in self-defense. They also gloss over Chairman Mao Zedong's 1958 to 1961 Great Leap Forward, which resulted in mass famine and 30 million deaths.

主要内容：中国的历史教科书，与这个国家在是否承认自己世界强权的地位时的犹豫态度十分类似，充满了矛盾。在中国的很多学生看来，中国的军事力量既温和而又无与伦比的强大，既谦逊而又耀武扬威。中国的教科书无视其在1950年对西藏的入侵，以及1979年的中越战争——这场战争的起因是越南侵占了柬埔寨——并且告诉学生这场战争是为了自卫。这些教科书也试图掩盖毛泽东主席在1958到1961年大跃进的错误，这个错误造成了大规模的饥荒和3000万人死亡。

One example of Chinese textbook chutzpah can be found in the chapters on World War II, known in some textbooks as "the Anti-Japanese War." The Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing -- often known as the "Rape of Nanjing," when up to 300,000 people were killed by Japanese troops -- is described in one Chinese textbook as "the most horrible [event] in world [history]." (To be fair, Japanese textbooks are little better; they tend to skim over the event, calling it an "incident," "massacre," or "massacre incident.") The Chinese version of history has it that Japan was defeated in the war because of Chinese resistance, not because of the U.S. entry into the war.

中国教科书的肆无忌惮在关于二战的章节中就可见一斑（中国一些教科书称之为“抗日战争”）。日本占领了南京——通常被称为“南京梦魇”，日本军队残害了多达300000的中国人——一种中国教科书称这一事件是“世界历史上最为恐怖的惨剧。”（公平来讲，日本教科书却也好不到哪去；他们倾向于忽略这一屠杀。把它叫做“事件”，“屠杀”或者“屠杀事件”。）中国版的历史宣称日本的战败是由于中国人民的抵抗，而不是因为美国的参与。2

Primary source: "The fundamental reason for the victory [in World War II] is that the Chinese Communist Party became the core power that united the nation" -- from a widely used Chinese history textbook

例证：“中国（在二战中）获得胜利的根本原因是中国共产党成为领导斗争、团结全国的核心力量”——来自一本广泛使用的中国历史教科书

SAUDI ARABIA

沙特阿拉伯

Lesson plan: Enemies of the faith

教学烂点：信仰的敌人

Subject matter: After the 9/11 attacks -- in which 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudi -- King Abdullah made reform of Saudi textbooks, which had been replete with references to Christians, communists, Zionists, and Western "nonbelievers" as enemies of Muslims, a priority. Nine years later, progress has been slow. In 2006, Riyadh promised to remove "all intolerant passages," but some sources say children are still learning from texts that promote anti-Semitism and jihad. Once again, Saudi Arabia has claimed that textbooks and programs used both in the kingdom and by schools funded by Saudi Arabia elsewhere "will be completely overhauled over the next three years." Saudi schools in countries including the United States, Britain, France, Germany, and Turkey all use similar textbooks.

主要内容：在911事件劫机事件后——19个劫机者中的15个是沙特人——阿卜杜拉国王改革了沙特历史教科书——那些把基督徒，共产主义者，犹太复国主义者以及西方无神论者都视为穆斯林的敌人的教科书。九年之后，这一改革进展依旧缓慢。2006年，利雅得当局承诺，删除“不宽容的内容，”但是一些消息显示，沙特学生仍然会从教科书中读到煽动反犹太主义和讨伐异教徒的内容。沙特阿拉伯一次又一次的宣称在沙特王国国内以及所有沙特资助的学校，所有教科书和教学项目“会在未来三年受到完全的彻底检查。”在美国，英国，法国德国和土耳其的沙特学校都使用类似的教科书。

Primary source: "Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words (Islam, hellfire): Every religion other than ______________ is false. Whoever dies outside of Islam enters ____________." -- from a first-grade textbook  

例证：“用正确的词语填空（伊斯兰教\地狱之火）：每一个_______之外的宗教都是异端。任何在伊斯兰庇佑之外死去的都走向________”——来自一年级教科书

"As cited in Ibn Abbas: The apes are Jews, the people of the Sabbath; while the swine are the Christians, the infidels of the communion of Jesus" -- from an eighth-grade textbook on monotheism and jurisprudence

“伊本阿巴斯说：猩猩是犹太人，属于安息日的人们；猪是基督徒，耶稣身边的异教徒”——来自八年级一神论及法律教科书

UNITED STATES 

美国

Lesson plan: Culture Wars 101

教学烂点：文化战争

Subject matter: The Texas Board of Education ignited an international firestorm last spring when members approved a controversial new social studies curriculum. The new standards skew hard to the right -- championing American capitalism throughout and suggesting religious intentions on the part of the founding fathers.

主要内容：去年春天，德克萨斯州教育委员会点了一把世界性的争议之火，因为委员会成员通过了一个极具争议的社会学培养计划。新课程标准的立场偏右——通篇赞颂美国的资本主义，并且偏向国父们的宗教立场。

Some of the most notable arguments were over language surrounding U.S. imperialism (now known as "expansionism") and birth control pioneer Margaret Sanger as a promoter of "eugenics," and an amendment to teachers that students be instructed to "describe the causes and key organizations and individuals of the conservative resurgence of the 1980s and 1990s, including Phyllis Schlafly, the Contract with America, the Heritage Foundation, the Moral Majority and the National Rifle Association." The board even recommended that Thomas Jefferson, creator of the expression "separation of church and state" be excluded from a list of world thinkers who inspired Enlightenment-era revolutions. And, in a salute to Democrats, "Bill Clinton's impeachment" will join Watergate in lessons on "political scandals."

最值得注意的地方是美国的帝国主义（现在被称为“扩张主义”），以及计划生育倡导者玛格丽特桑格的“优生学”推广人身份，还有告诉学生们“描述1980年代到1990年代保守力量崛起的原因和主要组织，以及个人倡导者，包括菲利斯施拉夫利，《美国协议》，美国传统基金会，道德多数，还有国家步枪协会。”教育委员会甚至要求在教科书中把托马斯杰佛逊从世界思想家的名单中除去，而杰佛逊是“政教分离”一词的创造者，也是启蒙时代的革命先驱。而“弹劾克林顿”将与水门事件一起并列“政治丑闻”。

The curriculum standards are reviewed every decade and serve as a template for textbook publishers. Texas's 4.8 million public school students make the state one of the largest markets for textbooks and a determinant of what the rest of the country's schoolchildren will study, with national publishers often tailoring their texts to Texas standards.

德克萨斯的课标每十年就会接受一次审查，然后作为教科书出版者出书的模板。德州480万公立学校学生群体是德州教科书的最大市场，同时这一群体也会决定美国国内其他学校的学习内容，因为全国性出版商常常会参考德州的课程标准。

Primary source: The new curriculum hasn't hit textbooks yet, but pop quizzes are expected to have a slightly different look -- Newsweek recently published new study exercises that the Texas school board is likely to adopt:

例证：新的课标还没有变成课本，但是一些热门的测试题目看起来已有一些不同——新闻周刊最近发布了一些德州教育委员会将会采用的测验题目：

"Explain how Arab rejection of the State of Israel has led to ongoing conflict." And "Evaluate efforts by global organizations to undermine U.S. sovereignty.

“解释阿拉伯人拒绝承认以色列建国如何造成目前的冲突。”以及“评价国际组织的活动对美国主权的侵害。”

RUSSIA 

俄罗斯

Lesson plan: Buddy Stalin

教学烂点：美化斯大林

Subject matter: It can't be easy to put a positive spin on Stalin, under whose leadership more than 20 million Russians lost their lives. But that's what's being attempted in Russia today. Encouraged by wilderness enthusiast and former KGB agent Vladimir Putin, the country's curriculum is engaging in a re-Stalinizing process called "positive history." Aleksandr Filippov, the author of a new Kremlin-approved textbook told the Times, "It is wrong to write a textbook that will fill the children who learn from it with horror and disgust about their past and their people."

主要内容：为斯大林贴上一个正面的标签是很容易的，在他的领导下，超过2000万俄罗斯人失去了生命。但是美化斯大林却成为今日俄罗斯的一种流行。在具有荒野发烧客以及前克格勃特工等多重身份的弗拉基米尔普京支持下，俄罗斯的课标正经历名为“积极历史”的返斯大林化潮流。在接受时代周刊采访时，新的官方教科书作者Aleksandr Filippov说，“在编写一部教科书时，让那些学习教科书的学生充满了对历史和人民的恐惧和厌恶是极端错误的。”1

His book devotes 83 pages to Joseph Stalin's industrialization plans, but only one paragraph to the Great Famine of 1932 to 1933 in which millions starved as a result of deeply flawed agricultural policy. The book also minimizes the role played by the Soviet Union's allies during Word War II, saying that they "limited themselves mainly to supplying arms, materials and provisions to the USSR."

他的作品用83页的篇幅叙述了约瑟夫斯大林的工业化计划，但只用一页的内容来关注1932到1933年间因为错误的农业政策而饿死数百万人的大饥荒。这部教科书同样对苏联的盟友在二战中的作用进行淡化，并称“仅仅是为苏联提供了武器，材料以及食品。”

Primary source: "[Stalin] acted entirely rationally -- as the guardian of a system, as a consistent support of reshaping the country into an industrialized state" -- from A History of Russia, 1900-1945

例证：“（斯大林）完全理智地行动——作为一名体制的守护者，作为一名国家工业化进程坚定地支持者”——来自俄罗斯史，1900-1945