中医药在意大利

中医药在意大利Integrated into the Modern Medical System融入现代医学系统
by Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon由须菩提达尔马南达，博士，主任，传统医学，波特兰，俄勒冈研究所
Background背景
Italy has a long history of interaction with China.意大利与中国的交往历史悠久。 Two famous early Italian visitors to China were the Venetian Marco Polo (1254-1324) and the Jesuit priest from Macerata, Matteo Ricci (1552-1610).初来中国两个著名的意大利游客是威尼斯人马可波罗（1254年至1324年）和来自马切拉塔，利玛窦（1552-1610）耶稣会教士。 Chinese medicine made its way to Italy later, primarily via its development in France during the 20th Century (for the history of the first two centuries of European developments, from 1671-1871, see Appendix 1).中医的方式作出了意大利后，主要通过其在法国的发展在20世纪（为前两个世纪的欧洲的发展历史，从1671年至1871年，见附录1）。
Acupuncture, as a medical practice rather than a curiosity, was brought to France though the efforts of George Soulié de Morant, who was engaged in the French diplomatic service in China between 1901 and 1917.针灸，而不是好奇，作为一个行医被带到法国虽然乔治苏利耶德摩兰特，谁是法国在中国从事外交部门之间的1901年和1917年所作的努力。 Soulié de Morant published articles and French translations of Chinese and Japanese medical texts, and on his return to France taught clinical applications of acupuncture to French physicians.苏利耶德摩兰特发表文章，中国和日本的医疗法语翻译文本，并在他返回法国教授针灸临床应用法国医生。 He also systematically introduced acupuncture theory from the classical texts to them (see Appendix 2 for a more complete story of his contributions).他还系统地介绍了从古典文本的针灸理论，他们（见一较完整的故事，他的贡献附录2）。 A unique approach to acupuncture therapy was developed by the French proponents, which has come to be known as "French Energetic Acupuncture."一个独特的方法，针灸疗法是由法国的支持者，这已经被视为“法国活力针灸”之称。 Among its basic principles is the concept, common in the Chinese system, that diseases and symptoms (particularly pain) are related to blockages in the flow of qi.其基本原则是概念，在中文系统的共同，即疾病和症状（尤其是疼痛）相关的气流量，以堵塞。 With this as a point of emphasis, there is a high reliance on acupuncture points that were designated as "barrier points" (see Appendix 3 for a brief review of the diagnostic approach and point selection).以此为重点的这点，有一个针灸被认为是在“障碍点”（指定一见的诊断方法，并简要回顾附录点选择高度依赖3分）。 This system developed within the medical community, so it has primarily influenced medical doctors who practice Chinese medicine, including those in Italy and the US在医疗社区开发此系统，因此它主要是影响医生执业中医谁，包括在意大利和美国的利益
A student of Soulié de Morant, Dr. Albert Chamfrault, helped establish the French Association of Acupuncture (Association Francaise d'Acupuncture; AFA) in 1945.苏利耶德摩兰特的学生，博士艾伯特尚弗罗，帮助建立了法国的针灸协会（法兰西针灸协会，简称AFA）于1945年。 By 1966 this association had set up six teaching centers in France (in Paris, Bordeaux, Limoges, Nice, Strasbourg, and Toulouse).到1966年该协会已成立了6个教学在法国巴黎，波尔多，利摩日，尼斯，斯特拉斯堡中心（和图卢兹）。 With the establishment of formal teaching opportunities, a few doctors from Italy studied acupuncture in France during the latter 1960s, and then returned to found the Società Italiana Di Agopuntura (SIA; Italian Society for Acupuncture;www.sia-mtc.it ) in 1968, one of numerous professional organizations that arose in Europe since that time (see Appendix 4 for a list of several of these).随着意大利建立正式的教学机会从几个医生，针灸在法国的一个研究在20世纪60年代后期，然后返回找到了会刊意大利迪针刺杂志（新航，为意大利针灸学会www.sia - mtc.it ）在1968年，许多在欧洲出现，因为那时（参见附录名单的几个组织之一，这4个专业）。 This Italian society has produced numerous workshops and congresses and a journal (now in its 25 th year, with quarterly publication; see article abstract and cover copy, Appendices 5, 6).这个意大利社会产生了众多的研讨会和会议及期刊（现在每年在其25 日出版的季刊，见封面文章摘要和复制，附录5，6）。 Several schools of acupuncture were developed in Italy (there are at least 16 at present), one of the largest being So-Wen (Scuola di Medicina Naturale; School of Natural Medicine) in Milan, which opened its doors in 1973.针灸在几所学校制定了意大利（至少有目前16），其中一个是所谓的文（Scuola di有关梅迪奇纳自然法，自然医学院最大的米兰，1973年开设，其门）。 The schools originally simply taught the French Energetic Method.学校原本只是教了法国活力的方法。
During the 1980s, when China had become more open to foreign visitors, new contacts with mainland China were developed by several SIA members, revealing the more complete system of Chinese acupuncture, as well as the extensive system of herbal medicine, which had not been previously introduced in Italy (or France to any extent).在20世纪80年代，当中国变得更加开放，外国游客，与内地的接触，中国新开发的几个新航成员，揭示了中国针灸更完整的系统，以及草药的药，以前没有广泛的系统引进意大利（法国或任何范围内）。 While French Energetic Acupuncture relies mostly on the systematic study of the meridians, Chinese herb therapies rely more on zangfu theory.而法国高能针灸主要依靠经络系统的研究，中药疗法更多地依赖于脏腑理论。 It took several years to introduce and develop the zangfu framework in the Italian schools.花了几年的引进和发展了意大利学校脏腑框架内。 So-Wen and a few other advanced schools quickly turned to teaching this subject; Dr. Grazia Rotolo and Dr. Caterina Martucci (authors of Farmacoterapia Cinese ), introduced the first herbal seminars as early as 1987.因此，温家宝和其他一些先进的学校教学很快转向这个课题博士格拉齐亚罗托洛博士和卡特里纳马尔图奇（ 富盈作词Farmacoterapia），早在1987年推出第一草药研讨会。 Still, up to late 1990s most students of Chinese medicine in Italy were not able to understand and apply herbal medicine.然而，直至在意大利中草药大多数学生90年代后期无法理解和运用中草药。 This has changed in the past five years.这改变了过去5年。 Presently, 80% of the schools have adopted a Chinese program that includes both acupuncture and herbs according to the full TCM system.目前，80％的学校采用了中国方案，其中包括针灸和草药都按照完整的中医体系。 Roberto Gatto (president of the SIA), Sonia Benassi (head of Lao Dan, an herb company), and a few other doctors who had visited China and attended many international seminars, continue to develop and promote the TCM system, including herbal prescribing.罗伯托加托（在SIA总裁），索尼娅本西（老丹，一药草公司负责人），以及谁访问了中国，并出席国际研讨会的许多其他几个医生，继续发展和促进中医药系统，包括中药处方。
Aside from SIA, other organizations were established.除了新航，其他组织设立。 For example, the Italian Association of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Associazione Italiana di Agopuntura-moxibustione e Medicina Tradizionale Cinese; AIAM) was established in 1987 with three central committees: scientific, educational, and legislative; it also incorporates the Inter-University Commission for Acupuncture Research.例如，针灸及传统中医药（Associazione意大利迪针刺杂志，moxibustione é梅迪奇纳Tradizionale富盈意大利商会; AIAM）成立于1987年，三个中央委员会：科学，教育，立法，它也采用了跨大学委员会针灸研究。 Additionally, there is an Italian Medical Association of Acupuncture (AMIA) in Rome and the Matteo Ricci Foundation (Fondazioni Matteo Ricci) that includes a school in Bologna, a journal, and several workshops.此外，还有一名意大利医生针灸协会（AMIA）有在罗马和利玛窦基金会（Fondazioni利玛窦），包含一个在博洛尼亚，杂志，和几个车间学校。 There are a sufficient number of acupuncture organizations in Italy that a coordinating organization was established: the Italian Federation of Acupuncture Societies (Federazione Italiana delle Società di Agopuntura; FISA) with 2,500 members.有一个在意大利的针灸组织足够数量，一个协调机构，建立：对针灸学会（意大利Federazione Italiana阿尔会刊迪针刺杂志意大利联合会国际赛艇联合会）的2500个成员。 A plethora of schools and professional organizations have arisen in other European countries as well and a coordinating organization was established, called EuroTCM.过多的学校和专业组织出现在其他欧洲国家以及与建立一个协调机构，称为EuroTCM。
The Extent and Nature of Acupuncture in Italy针灸的范围和性质在意大利
According to the Italian law, acupuncture therapy must be performed only by medical doctors (this has also been the case in France, Belgium, Denmark, and the Scandinavian countries).根据意大利的法律，针灸疗法，必须只能由医生（这也已在法国，比利时，丹麦和斯堪的纳维亚国家的情况）。 The So-Wen data base of MD acupuncturists, the largest file available in Italy, counts more than 7,000 names.因此，该文数据库的针灸医师，最大的文件可以在意大利，拥有超过7000名。 The total number of Italian MDs trained in acupuncture is likely to be about 10,000.在针灸训练的意大利医务总监的总人数可能达到10,000人。 As in France, this represents one of the highest densities of Chinese medical practitioners outside East Asia (Holland, which does not restrict acupuncture to medical doctors, has the highest density, with an estimated one practitioner for every 3,200 people).由于在法国，这代表了东亚以外（荷兰，它不限制针灸医生，中国医生的最高密度具有密度最高之一，估计为每3200人执业）。 The population of Italy is about 56 million, or less than one-fifth that of the US, which has a more liberal legal status for acupuncture yet has only about 15,000 licensed acupuncturists and about 5,000 medical acupuncturists.意大利人口约56万美元，超过五分之一不到的美国，它有一个更宽松的法律地位尚未针灸只有约15,000持牌针灸师和针灸师约5000名医生。 It has been reported that about 16% of Italy's population uses various types of alternative medicine, including Chinese medicine; many would like to see these covered by national health insurance.据报道，意大利约有16％的人口使用不同类型的替代医学，包括中医，很多人希望看到这些国家的健康保险。
The study of acupuncture in Italy involves 400-500 hours of training over a four year period.针灸在意大利的研究涉及了4年时间400-500小时的培训。 Since the students are medical doctors already in practice, they can only attend some weekend seminars, which accounts for the long total duration of the courses.由于学生在实践中是医生了，他们只能参加一些周末的研讨会，这为长期的课程总时间的帐户。 The cost of the program is about 5,000 Euros ($6,000 US at this time).该方案的费用约5000名在这个时候欧元（6000美元美国）。 The Italian programs provide about twice the training that medical acupuncturists receive in the US at the main training center at UCLA School of Medicine (where French acupuncture has been a major theme).意大利的方案提供了约两倍的培训，接受针灸医疗在加州大学洛杉矶分校医学院（主要训练中心，在美国，法国的针灸治疗一直是个重大的主题）。 Chinese herbal medicine has been treated as an independent course in Italy (about 250-300 hours in 2 years) that is taken by some doctors after their graduation from acupuncture studies.中药已被视为一个独立的课程在意大利（约250-300小时，在2年），由医生采取了一些针灸的研究后，他们从毕业。 Since the duration of training is so long (six years with the added herb courses), most students do not pursue herbal training.由于训练时间这么长（6年，再加上中药课程），大多数学生不追求草药训练。
Many of the acupuncturists are family doctors (general practitioners) who still rely on use of modern drug therapies.对许多家庭的针灸医生（全科医生）谁仍然对现代药物疗法使用的依赖。 They have pursued acupuncture studies because of their concerns about drug side effects and the desire to find alternatives to the less than adequate drug therapies.他们追求的是出于对药物副作用和希望找到解决不到足够的药物替代疗法针刺研究的关注。 A few of the doctors add Western herbs or homeopathic remedies to their prescription range; now several hundred have added Chinese herb prescribing.一个医生数增加西方草药或顺势疗法其处方范围，现在几百人加入中药处方。
In Italy, there is a limited selection of herb products (and other natural supplements) sold in stores or via the internet as non-prescription items.在意大利，有一种草药产品（及其他自然补充剂在商店出售），或通过非处方项目国际网络有限公司选择。 These do not have a good reputation among the medical doctors.这些没有一个医生之间的良好声誉。 The doctors would prefer to prescribe specific remedies, including Chinese herbs, based on their diagnostic work.医生们宁愿规定了具体的补救措施，包括中药材，其诊断工作的基础。 However, by Italian law, medical doctors are not allowed to sell or give any prescription (drugs or herbs) directly to the patient; thus, they must refer the patients to a pharmacy that will carry the appropriate herbal products.然而，意大利法律，医生不得出售或提供任何处方（药物或草药）直接向病人，因此，他们必须转介病人到药店，将进行适当的草药产品。 Unfortunately, among the Chinese herb products that were initially introduced to Italy the quality was often poor, and there have been concerns about contamination of those coming from China.遗憾的是，在中药与最初引进意大利的质量往往很差的产品，并有从中国来对这些污染问题。 Because the term "herbal therapy" in Italy (and throughout Europe) means use of only plants, some have argued against inclusion of any of the traditional minerals and animals as commonly found in many Chinese products.由于长期“中草药疗法”在意大利（和整个欧洲）是指仅使用植物，有些人主张对传统矿物和常见的许多中国产品列入发现动物出现。 The concern for high quality products coupled with the small number of prescribers has resulted in expensive products.对高品质的处方加上少数产品的关注，导致昂贵的产品。 All these factors have restricted the use of Chinese herbs in Italy.所有这些因素都限制了中药在意大利使用。 As a result, many Italian acupuncturists just apply acupuncture to treat pain and some acute symptoms, but do not deal with internal medicine (herbal medicine).因此，许多意大利针灸只是采用针灸治疗疼痛和一些急性症状，但不涉及内科（草药）。 Research has focused on acupuncture therapy.研究的重点是针灸疗法。
Things are gradually changing in this regard; the introduction of Chinese herb courses (involving about 500 doctors) has stimulated greater interest in prescribing herbal remedies.一切都逐渐改变在这方面，我国中药课程，涉及约500名医生（导言），刺激更大的处方草药的兴趣。 A small herbal company in Milan, Lao Dan, began developing a product line in 1988 that has expanded to include over 30 traditional formulas relying solely on plant materials, with herb extraction carried out in Italy to assure quality (see Appendix 6 for sample label image).在米兰小，老聃草药公司，在1988年开始开发生产线已扩大到包括30多个传统公式完全依靠植物材料与中药提取，在意大利进行了质量保证（见附件6样品的标签形象）。 That company specifically aims its efforts toward assuring high quality of raw materials and manufacturing, correct formulation, and proper distribution.这家公司的具体目标是确保对原料及制造，正确制定高质量的工作，并妥善的分配。 Due to low levels of demand at this time, it is difficult for the company to develop a full line of products, partly because all sales must go through pharmacies; it is estimated that only about 400 medical acupuncturists are routinely prescribing these items.由于在这个时候的需求水平低，难以为公司开发的全系列产品，部分because所有sales必须通过药房，它估计只有约400名针灸医生的处方通常是这些items。 Other small product lines have also appeared in Italy during the past few years, including a line of topical and internal remedies with a focus on orthopedics and traumatology (especially sports applications), developed by Dr. Karl Zippelius, who immigrated to Florence, Italy from Germany after studying acupuncture and herbs there.其他小产品线，也出现在意大利，在过去几年中，包括局部和内部补救办法对骨科及创伤科的重点（特别是体育的申请）线，卡尔博士齐佩利乌斯，谁移民到意大利佛罗伦萨来自发达国家德国针灸和草药研究后那里。 The products include pastes, salves, tinctures, and tablets.产品包括膏，药膏，酊剂，和药片。
The new programs of herbal medicine education have the capability in the next three years to train about 500 new practitioners.中药教育的新方案在未来3年内能力培训约500名新学员。 In addition, through seminars, as many as 1,000 current practitioners could receive continuing education on the topics.此外，通过研讨会，多达1000名医生目前可以接受持续教育的议题。 However, it is unlikely that these participation levels will be met; the actual attendance may be only 20-30% of the potential audience due to scheduling conflicts and concerns about the ability to readily obtain and utilize the herbal remedies.但是，这些参与是不可能的水平将得到满足;实际出席可能只是20-30的潜在观众，由于时间安排冲突，有关能够更快捷地掌握和利用草药关注％。 Perhaps with positive response to the therapies the demand for training will increase in the coming decade.也许积极响应疗法的培训需求会增加，在未来的10年。
APPENDIX 1: Early European Exposure to Acupuncture附录一：早期欧洲接触针灸
Prior to the work of George Soulié de Morant, a few Westerners had described acupuncture therapy and some had used it, but they failed to generate sufficient interest for the field to develop formally.在此之前的乔治苏利耶德摩兰特，一些西方人所描述的针灸治疗工作，一些人使用它，但他们未能产生足够的兴趣的领域发展正式。 The first records date back to 1671, when a French Jesuit priest named Harviell, who had served in China, published Les secrets de la Medicine des Chinois ( Secrets of Chinese Medicine ).第一个记录可以追溯到1671年，当法国耶稣会神父命名哈弗尔，谁曾在中国出版莱斯秘密德拉医学德轩华 （ 医学中的秘密 ）。 There was brief mention of acupuncture from time to time after that, but then a number of articles and books appeared in the 19 th century, outlined in the table below (adapted from Understanding Acupuncture by Birch and Felt, 1999 Churchill-Livingstone).有针灸简单地提不时之后，但随后一文章和书籍的数量出现在19 世纪 ，在下面的表列出（改编自毡认识针灸由桦木和1999年丘吉尔-利文斯）。
Some 19 th Century References to Acupuncture in the West 一些19 世纪提及的针灸在西方
Date 日期 Country 国家 Author(s) 作者（s） Nature of publication 自然出版 1802 1802 England英国 W. Coley W.科莱 Article about the uses of acupuncture文章对针灸的使用 1816 1816年 France法国 L. Berlioz属柏辽兹 Book on acupuncture for chronic disorders预定于针灸治疗慢性疾病 1820 1820年 Italy意大利 S. Bozetti南博泽蒂 Book on acupuncture针灸书籍 1821 1821年 England英国 JM Churchill JM丘吉尔 Article on use of acupuncture in treating rheumatism针刺治疗风湿条使用 1822 1822年 USA美国 Anonymous匿名 Medical journal commentary favorable to acupuncture医学杂志的评论有利于针灸 1825 1825年 France法国 JB Sarlandiere巴顿Sarlandiere Article on the use of electroacupuncture for gout文章在对电的使用痛风 1825 1825年 Italy意大利 A. Carraro答：卡拉罗 Article on uses of acupuncture第针刺用途 1826 1826年 USA美国 F. Bache楼巴谢 Article about uses of acupuncture文章对使用针灸 1826 1826年 England英国 D. Wandsworth四宛兹沃斯 Article about using acupuncture for pain relief文章对使用针灸缓解疼痛 1826 1826年 Germany德国 GE Woorst通用电气Woorst Review article on status of acupuncture评论文章针刺地位 1827 1827年 England英国 J. Elliotson j的Elliotson Article about acupuncture for rheumatism文章对针灸的风湿病 1828 1828年 Germany德国 J. Bernstein伯恩斯坦 Article about acupuncture for rheumatism文章对针灸的风湿病 1828 1828年 Germany德国 LHA Lohmayer拉木劳赫梅尔 Article about acupuncture for rheumatism文章对针灸的风湿病 1828 1828年 France法国 J. Cloquet, TM Dantu j的克洛奎特，商标丹徒 Book on acupuncture针灸书籍 1833 1833年 USA美国 WM Lee李西医 Article about acupuncture for rheumatism文章对针灸的风湿病 1834 1834年 Italy意大利 FS da Camin财政司司长达卡米 Described Sarlandier's work on electroacupuncture描述Sarlandier的工作电 1871 1871年 England英国 TP Teale总磷蒂尔 Article about acupuncture for pain relief文章对缓解疼痛针灸
APPENDIX 2: Soulié de Morant's Introduction of Chinese Medicine to Europe附录2：苏利耶德摩兰特的中医药介绍到欧洲
Peter Eckman, in his book In the Footsteps of the Yellow Emperor , presents the results of his intensive research into the development of acupuncture therapy in Europe.彼得埃克曼书， 在他的黄帝的足迹的 ，在欧洲的发展提出了针灸治疗的结果，他深入调查。 The main purpose of his effort was to discover the influences on JR Worsley, who became a significant figure in the development of acupuncture in England and America, two countries where Eckman has lived and worked.他的努力的主要目的是为了发现的JR沃斯利，谁成为在英国和美国的针灸发展的重要人物，有两个地方埃克曼国家生活和工作的影响。 He was able to trace significant influence from both Japan (via visiting Japanese practitioners and teachers) and from China (mainly via George Soulié de Morant), as well as some influence from Vietnam and Korea, and then the interaction with German naturopathy and homeopathy.他能够追踪从日本（通过来访的日本医生和教师），主要通过乔治苏利耶德摩兰特从中国（重大影响），以及一些来自越南和朝鲜的影响，然后与德国自然疗法及顺势疗法的相互作用。 Regarding George Soulié de Morant, he wrote the following (slightly edited for presentation here):关于乔治苏利耶德摩兰特，他写下了如下（略有介绍这里编辑）：
I think we can say that contemporary traditional acupuncture in the West started with George Soulié de Morant (1878-1955) in 1927 in France.我认为我们可以说，当代西方传统针灸与乔治苏利耶德摩兰特（1878年至55年于1927年）在法国开始。 Prior to that date, there had been scattered accounts and even some books about acupuncture in Western languages, but no attempt to formulate a systematic understanding of acupuncture based on points, meridians, the circulation of qi and its management and reflection in pulse diagnosis.在该日期之前，曾有过零星的帐目，甚至一些关于针灸在西方语言的书籍，但没有试图制订一个系统的理解针灸点为基础，经络，气的流通，其管理和脉诊的反映。 Soulié de Morant grew up in an unusual family that encouraged him to learn Chinese from the age of eight.苏利耶德摩兰特生长在一个不寻常的家庭，鼓励他学习中文的8岁。 He was originally schooled by the Jesuits and intended to study medicine, but had to give up that ambition when his father died.他最初是受过教育的耶稣会士，并打算学医，但不得不放弃这个抱负时，他父亲去世。

George Soulié de Morant乔治苏利耶德摩兰特
Commemoration image for为纪念图片
Soulié de Morant.苏利耶德摩兰特。
At 21 (1899), based on his linguistic skills, he got a secretarial job in China, and happened to be in Beijing during a cholera epidemic.在21（1899年），根据他的语言能力，他得到了在中国的秘书工作，以及发生在北京期间的霍乱流行。 Soulié de Morant became acquainted with a Dr. Yang, who was considered extraordinarily successful in treating cholera victims with acupuncture (typical formula of points: ST-25, ST-36, LI-10, and points surrounding CV-8).苏利耶德摩兰特成为一个博士杨，谁被认为是非常针灸治疗（点霍乱受害者成功的典型配方：圣- 25，ST段- 36，李- 10熟悉，并指出周围的CV - 8）。 Soulié de Morant's curiosity was piqued to the point that he began studying with Dr. Yang, who let him do some of the treatments under his guidance.苏利耶德摩兰特的好奇心被激起了，以至于他开始与杨医生，让他谁做他的指导下学习了一些治疗。
Soulié de Morant was subsequently appointed to the French Consular Corps and sent to various cities in China, in each of which he sought out acupuncture teachers, including several in Yunnan, which is contiguous with Indochina.苏利耶德摩兰特随后被任命为法国领事团及送达中国各个城市，在每一种他找了针灸教师，其中包括几名在云南，这与印度支那接壤。 It is likely that the initial Vietnamese influence on French acupuncture was a consequence of his studies in Yunnan [though France ruled over Indochina since 1887, which may have allowed for other routes of influence, such as Vietnamese traditional doctors living in France].很可能最初在法国针灸越南的影响是在云南[他的研究结果虽然法国在印度支那的统治1887年以来，这可能对其他路线的影响，如允许在法国]生活的越南传统医生。 Soulié de Morant adopted local custom as his own, and it was said that when he dressed up, his speech and manner were indistinguishable from a native Chinese, and so he earned the respect and trust of his teachers, who supplied him with the most precious texts and instruction.苏利耶德摩兰特采用为自己的本地习俗，据说，当他打扮，他的言论和态度是从本地中难以区分，因此他赢得了尊重和他的老师，谁提供给他的信任是最宝贵的文本和指示。 He became so proficient a practitioner that in 1908 the Viceroy of Yunnan certified him as a "Master Physician-Acupuncturist" [so, just four years after meeting Dr. Yang and beginning study of acupuncture].他变得如此精通一，在1908年，云南总督核证为“主医师，针灸师”[以便短短4年后会开始博士杨和针灸]的研究，他的医生。
One other Oriental influence on Soulié de Morant came from Japan, where he spent a month in 1906 because of his own poor state of health, and is reflected in Soulié de Morant's later citation of Japanese works in his publications.另外一个关于苏利耶德摩兰特东方影响来自日本，在那里他度过在1906年1月份，因为他自己的健康状况不佳，并在苏利耶德摩兰特的日本作品反映在他后来引用出版物。 Thus, from its inception, the European acupuncture which Soulié de Morant inaugurated reflected aspects of Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese traditions.因此，从一开始，欧洲针灸苏利耶德摩兰特成立反映了中国，日本和越南的传统方面。 In fact, Soulié de Morant also cited several classical Korean texts, so that tradition was represented, too.事实上，苏利耶德摩兰特还列举了几项经典韩国文字，使传统的代表，太。
Soulié de Morant returned to France in 1918, but it was not until 1927 that his career in acupuncture really began there.苏利耶德摩兰特在1918年返回法国，但直到1927年，他在没有真正开始有针刺的职业生涯。 At that time, he brought his daughter for medical treatment to Dr. Paul Ferreyrolles (1880-1955), a member of a study group of physicians investigating alternative medicine.当时，他带着他的医疗待遇，保罗Ferreyrolles博士（1880年至1955年），一个另类医学医师的调查研究小组成员的女儿。 This study group prevailed upon Soulié de Morant to abandon all his other interests and translate the classical Chinese medical texts into French and train them in acupuncture treatment.这个研究小组在苏利耶德摩兰特盛行放弃他所有的其他权益和翻译成法文文本的经典中医针灸治疗和训练他们。 This he did, while also developing his own clinical practice, first under medical supervision in several hospitals, and later in private practice.他这样做，同时也发展了自己的临床实践中，首先在医疗监督下几家医院，之后从事私人执业。 He also experimented on himself, needling different points to see their effects, and kept careful records which he used in his subsequent publications.他还对自己进行实验，针刺不同点才可以看到效果，并保持他在随后的出版物中使用详细的记录。
Among Soulié de Morant's sources, aside from his extensive practical training, he used many classical Oriental texts, but the main ones were two Ming Dynasty Chinese tests: Zhenjiu Dacheng ( Great Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion ; 1601) and Yixue Rumen ( Basics of Medical Studies ; 1575).在苏利耶德摩兰特的来源，除了他的广泛的实践训练，他使用了许多经典的东方文本，但主要有两个明代中测试： 针灸大成 （ 大灸汇编针灸 ; 1601年）和Yixue瘤胃 （ 医学基础知识研究 ; 1575）。 He was also influenced by the Japanese work of Sawada as communicated by Nakayama, whose book Soulié de Morant translated into French with the assistance of the Japanese George Ohsawa (Japanese name: Sakurazawa Nyoitchi; 1893-1966, one of the originators of "macrobiotics").他也影响了日本的泽田由中山，谁的书苏利耶德摩兰特译成法文与日本乔治延伸Ohsawa（日本名：Sakurazawa Nyoitchi协助沟通工作; 1893年至1966年，一对“长生的原创” ）。
His first writing about acupuncture was an article in the French Homeopathic Journal in 1929, in collaboration with Ferreyrolles, and his first serious book about acupuncture, Précis de la vrai acuponcture chinoice , was published in 1934.他对针灸最早的文字是法国顺势疗法杂志在1929年的文章中，在Ferreyrolles合作及他的第一个关于针灸严重的书， 简要记录德拉为vrai acuponcture chinoice，是1934年出版。 All together, he wrote over 20 articles and books on acupuncture, his magnum opus being L'Acuponcture Chinoise , the first part of which appeared from 1939-1941, but was only published in its entirety posthumously in 1957, and later in English translation (title: Chinese Acupuncture ) by Paradigm Press (1994).所有一起，他写了20篇文章针灸和书籍上，他的巨著被L' Acuponcture华侨 ，其中第一部分从1939年至1941年出现，但只有在其死后全部公布在1957年，后来在英文翻译（标题： 中国针灸 ）的范式出版社（1994年）。
The students of Soulié de Morant, including Jean Niboyet (1913-1968, founder of the Mediteranian Acupuncture Association), Albert Chamfrault (ca. 1912-1971; French Association of Acupuncture), and Roger de la Fuÿe (?-1961), pushed forward the field of acupuncture with translations, associations, conferences, and developing clinical practices.苏利耶学生的德摩兰特，包括让尼布瓦耶（1913至1968年，该Mediteranian针灸协会创始人），艾伯特尚弗罗（约公元12年至71年;法国针灸协会），和罗杰德拉富业（？-1961），推提出了与翻译针灸领域，协会，会议，临床实践和发展。
APPENDIX 3: French Acupuncture and the Barrier Points附录3：法国针灸和障碍点
During the 19 th century, many of the European writings about acupuncture focused on its use for rheumatism, gout, and other pain disorders.在19世纪，欧洲许多著作对针灸的重点放在其痛风用于风湿，疼痛和其他疾病。 This emphasis continues to this day; the dominant use of acupuncture in the West, especially amongst medical acupuncturists, is for the "musculoskeletal" problems.这种强调一直延续至今，主要使用的针灸在西方特别是对于那些医疗针灸师，为“骨骼”问题的。 The unique approach taken in France, which has been formalized and promoted in the study groups and workshops of the French Acupuncture Association (AFA), led to description of two groups of points.该独特的方法在法国，已正式在研究组和法国针灸协会（AFA），讲习班推动导致两个群体的描述采取点。 According to the French medical acupuncturists Gérard Guillaume and Mach Chieu (as described in their book Rheumatology and Chinese Medicine ), one type of points have either global effects or affect an entire channel (or axis, see below); these include most of the transport points, cleft points, source points, and connecting points.据向法国热拉尔点medical针灸师和马赫基耶乌和纪尧姆（如在他们的著作中描述风湿病中医药 ）type，一有任何global effects或影响一整个channel（或axis，见下文）这些措施包括在大部分transport点，裂点，源点和连接点。 The others are specific for the area to be treated, and include mainly associated points, alarm points, and barrier points.其他则是特定的领域来对待，并主要包括关联点，报警点，障碍点。 Guillaume and Cheiu point out that "barrier points are extremely important in the treatment of pain."纪尧姆和Cheiu指出，“障碍点是极为痛苦的治疗具有重要意义。” Dan Bensky has written about the French system (www.siom.com ) and a portion of his presentation has been adopted for presentation here.丹Bensky写了关于法国的制度（www.siom.com ）和他的介绍部分介绍了通过这里。 Among the key concepts of the French system are use of the eight diagnostic parameters, grouping of acupuncture channels into axes, and the above-mentioned focus on barrier points.在对法国制度的关键概念是诊断的8个参数的使用，针灸渠道组合成轴，点上的障碍上述重点。
The eight diagnostic categories (deficiency/excess, cold/hot, interior/exterior, yin/yang) are applied, in the French system, to the diagnosis of local musculoskeletal pain, particularly joint pain, rather than just to the general syndromes as is commonly done in the TCM system.八个诊断类别（不足/过度，冷/热，室内/外，阴/阳）的应用，在法国的制度，对当地的肌肉骨骼疼痛的诊断，尤其是关节疼痛，而不是只作为一般症状是通常做的中医体系。 For example, pain that is lessened with pressure or support is classified as deficient while that which gets worse is considered to be of an excess nature.例如，疼痛即减轻压力或支持被列为不足而恶化，而被认为是一个多余的性质。 Pain that is lessened by heat and increased by cold is considered to be of a cold nature, and conversely for the heat type.减轻疼痛是由热和冷被认为是一个寒冷的性质，反而增加了热型。 The pain may come from invasion of external pathogenic factors and be lodged in the painful joint or muscle, or may come from interior disharmonies (of the internal organs) and migrate from there to the affected part.疼痛可能来自外部的入侵和致病因素，在痛苦的关节或肌肉，提交或可能来自内部不和谐的内部器官（），并从那里迁移到受影响的部分。 A yin-type pain is dull, throbbing, of moderate intensity, chronic, occurring or aggravated at night, and deep.阴型疼痛是枯燥乏味的，悸动，中等强度，长期性，在夜间发生或加重，且深。 A yang-type pain is sharp, violent, paroxysmal, stabbing, burning, intense, acute, diurnal, and superficial.阳型疼痛尖锐，暴力，阵发性，刺痛，灼热，激烈，尖锐，日，和肤浅的。
The French place a strong emphasis on the channels, more so than on point sets as often done in modern TCM in China.法国放在渠道的高度重视，更何况比点集经常在中国现代中药进行。 The twelve channels are viewed as six pairs of channels: two greater yin channels, two lesser yang channels, etc. (taken from the six-fold system depicted in the Neijing Suwen for acupuncture and repeated in the Shanghan Lun for herbs).这12个频道被视为六双渠道：二大贤渠道，两个小阳渠道，针灸等（图中的内经素问 ，采取从6褶皱系和草药重复伦为伤寒 ）。 The functions of the two channels within each pair are understood to be related and so are the manifestations of their disharmonies.在每一对的两个通道的职能理解为有关系，所以是他们的不和谐的表现。 Each of these pairs is known as an axis (or great channel).这对每一个被称为一轴（或大通道）。
The concept of barrier points originally came from the Chinese word guän , often translated as barrier or gate.该点的概念最初的障碍来自中国文字关 ，经常门或翻译成障碍。 Several French doctors were struck by the number of points that have this word in their name (either primary name or alternate) and they also noted the importance of the concept of barriers or gates in the discussion of joint problems in chapter 60 of the Neijing Suwen .几位法国医生们惊讶的候补数点已经或这个词在他们的姓名（或主要名称），他们还注意到素问重要性或概念的障碍大门内经讨论的60章中的联合问题。 Using this as a point of departure, they described each joint as a place through which physiologic energies (qi and blood in TCM terms) pass, as through an open gate; under certain pathological circumstances, the joint space can turn into a barrier (closed gate) that obstructs the circulation.以此为出发点，这样，他们形容为一个地方通过这些生理能量（气，血在中医术语）及格，通过一个开放的大门;在某些病理情况下，联合空间可以变成一个封闭的障碍（每个关节门）表示，阻碍血液循环。 The yin and yang qi enter and exit the joints.阴阳气血的进入和退出关节。 Utilizing the eight categories and properties of channel flow in the axes, the practitioner is to determine the fundamental nature of the disorder, specifically whether the blockage involves the yin or yang qi as it is either entering or exiting the joint.利用8个类别和通道的轴线的流动性能，是确定的医生对这种疾病的基本性质，特别是涉及是否堵塞阴或阳气，因为它是进入或退出联合。 The barrier points (which are originally picked on the basis of traditional descriptions of their channels, specific point indications, the point names, and other factors) are then to be selected as the main part of treatment.的障碍点（即原先对他们的渠道，具体点的基础上回升迹象表明传统的描述，点名称及其他因素），然后将作为主要的治疗选择。 These points are depicted in the following table.这些要点描述如下表。
Barrier Points in the French Energetic Acupuncture System 针灸制度障碍点在法国活力
Yang Exiting 杨退出 Yang Entering 杨进 Yin Exiting 尹退出 Yin Entering 尹进 Shoulder 肩 SI-11司- 11 LI-15李- 15 LU-2卢- 2 PC-2的PC - 2 Elbow 肘 TB-13结核病- 13 TB-7结核病- 7 HT-6羟色胺- 6 HT-6羟色胺- 6 Wrist 腕 LI-9李- 9 SI-6四6 PC-4个人电脑- 4 LU-6鲁六 Hip 髋关节 BL-29基本法- 29 ST-31意法半导体- 31 SP-12警司- 12 LV-11吕- 11 Knee 膝盖 GB-33国标- 33 GB-36国标- 36 KI-5碘化钾- 5 KI-5碘化钾- 5 Ankle 脚踝 ST-37意法半导体- 37 BL-63基本法- 63 LV-6吕- 6 SP-8警司- 8
APPENDIX 4: TCM in Europe: Member Organizations of EuroTCM附录4：中医药在欧洲：会员组织的EuroTCM
EuroTCM is attempting to recruit participation of Chinese medicine organizations across Europe in a central information clearing house, along with work towards unifying education and laws. EuroTCM正试图招募欧洲各地中医药团体参加的中央信息交换所，以及对教育和法律的统一工作。 Following is a table of current member organizations, which represent only a fraction of those currently operating in Europe (listed here are the colleges and professional organizations involved with acupuncture and TCM generally):以下是目前的成员组织，这仅代表了目前在欧洲（这里列出的是学院和针灸和中医一般涉及专业organizations those fraction table）：
Country 国家 Abbreviation 缩写 Full name 全名 Type 类型 Austria 奥地利 MED CHIN地中海千石 Medizinische Gesellschaft für Chinesische Gesundheitspflege in Österreich Medizinische电冶金在奥地利国家Chinesische Gesundheitspflege College学院 PROTCM PROTCM Austria Austrian Professional TCM Federation奥地利奥中医药专业联合会 Professional org.专业ORG的。 TCMA-W TCMA钨 TCM Academy - Campus Wien中医药学院 - 校园维恩 College学院 TCM-U中西医ü TCM University中医药大学 Private University私立大学 Belgium 比利时 BAF曝气生物滤池 Belgian Acupunctors Federation联邦比利时Acupunctors Professional org.专业ORG的。 BATCM BATCM Belgian Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine比利时协会中医药 Scientific org.科学ORG的。 OTCG OTCG Opleidingsinsituut Traditionele Chinese Geneeswijzen Opleidingsinsituut Traditionele中Geneeswijzen College学院 Bulgaria 保加利亚 BAAPT BAAPT Bulgarian Acupuncture Association of Physical Therapists物理治疗师保加利亚针灸协会 Professional org.专业ORG的。 Czech Republic 捷克共和国 CSBS钟声慈善社 Ceskoslovenska Sinobiologicka Spolecnost捷克斯洛伐克Sinobiologicka Spolecnost College学院 CSBSPTCM CSBSPTCM Praktici TCM Praktici中医 Acupuncture org.针灸ORG的。 NBJ NBJ Foundation of the white crane基金会的白鹤 Professional org.专业ORG的。 TCMB TCMB TCM Bohemia - Klinika Tradicni Cinske Mediciny中医波希米亚 - Klinika Tradicni Cinske Mediciny Clinic诊所 England 英国 BC公元前 Bodyharmonics Centre Bodyharmonics中心 College学院 Germany 德国 ABZ Süd的ABZ南基 Ausbildungszentrum Süd Ausbildungszentrum南基 College学院 DBVTCM DBVTCM Deutscher Berufsverband für TCM德意志Berufsverband献给中医 Professional org.专业ORG的。 MFTCM MFTCM Mercurius Chen Xing默库里乌斯陈锡嗯 College学院 TCMA-B TCMA - B的 TCM Akademy Campus Berlin中医校园的Akademy柏林 College学院 TCMA-M TCMA - M的 TCM Akademy Munchen中医慕尼黑的Akademy College学院 Greece 希腊 ESPKI ESPKI Elleniko Sillogos Paradosiakis Kinezikis latrikis Elleniko Sillogos Paradosiakis Kinezikis latrikis Professional org.专业ORG的。 HAOTCM HAOTCM Hellenic Academy of TCM希腊中医研究院 College学院 Hungary 匈牙利 H.SH.T H.SH.T Hungarian Shaolin Temple匈牙利少林寺 College学院 Italy 意大利 SIA新航 Societa Italiana di Agopuntura会刊意大利迪针刺杂志 College学院 Ireland 爱尔兰 ACMO ACMO Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Organisation针灸和中医药机构 Professional org.专业ORG的。 AFI AFI的 Acupuncture Foundation TCM Training Programme中医针灸基础培训计划 College学院 AFPA AFPA Acupuncture Foundation Professional Association针灸基金会专业协会 Professional org.专业ORG的。 AIAc AIAc Association of Irish Acupuncturists爱尔兰针灸师协会 Professional org.专业ORG的。 Netherlands 荷兰 DDF DDF的 Dutch Dao Foundation荷兰道基金会 Professional org.专业ORG的。 HTUTCM HTUTCM Hwa To University of Traditional Chinese Medicine先生到大学中医药 College学院 OC业主立案法团 Oriental College东方大学 College学院 ZHONG钟 Ned.内德。 Vereniging voor Traditionele Chinese Geneeskunde Vereniging的voor Traditionele中Geneeskunde Professional org.专业ORG的。 Serbia/Montenegro 塞尔维亚/黑山 RHCI RHCI Railway Health Care Institute铁路卫生保健研究所 Professional org.专业ORG的。 SJC SJC Balkan Su Jok College巴尔干苏寂学院 College学院 Slovac Republic 斯洛瓦克共和国 SINBIOS SINBIOS Slovenska Sinobiologicka Spolecnost Slovenska Sinobiologicka Spolecnost College学院 Slovenia 斯洛文尼亚 SAATCM SAATCM Slovenian Association of Acupuncture and TCM斯洛文尼亚与中医针灸协会 Professional org.专业ORG的。 Sweden 瑞典 CESAMQ CESAMQ Cesamq international TCM organization Cesamq国际中医药组织 College学院 NJA NJA Nei Jing College内经学院 College学院 SAA-TCM SAA的，中医 Swedisch Acupuncture Association Swedisch针灸协会 Professional org.专业ORG的。 STCMS STCMS Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine Sweden学会中医瑞典 Professional org.专业ORG的。 YSTCM YSTCM Yangtorp School of TCM Yangtorp中医药学院 College学院
APPENDIX 5: Sample Acupuncture Research in Italy附录5：示例针刺研究在意大利
In the Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2000; volume 20, number 3, pages 231-240), a group of eight Italian medical acupuncturists reported on their comparison of drug therapy versus acupuncture for migraine.在传统中医药（2000年杂志，20卷，3号，页231-240），8名意大利医生针灸小组报告了他们的药物治疗与针灸治疗偏头痛的比较。 They evaluated 120 patients affected by migraine treated at four public health centers.他们评估了在四个公共健康中心接受治疗的120例偏头痛的影响。 Acupuncture therapy focused on use of 5 points: touwei (ST-8), xuanlu (GB-5), fengchi (GB-20), lieque (LU-7), and dazhui (GV-14), all but the last mentioned point were treated bilaterally.针灸疗法集中点使用5： 头尾 （ST段- 8），xuanlu（国标- 5）， 风池 （国标- 20）， 列缺 （卢- 7）， 大椎 （货车- 14），但最后都提到双边点治疗。 Patients were evaluated after 6 months and 12 months of therapy.评估患者术后6个月和12个月的治疗。 The authors concluded that acupuncture was a cost-effective alternative to modern drug treatments.作者的结论，针灸是一种具有成本效益的替代现代药物治疗。
Numerous clinical reports are published in Italian, mainly in the SIA Journal.许多临床报告发表在意大利，主要是在新航杂志。 Following is a sample abstract of a report on use of acupuncture for pain:以下是一个示例一项关于疼痛针灸使用报告的摘要：
Title: Acupuncture Therapy for Dysmenorrhea标题： 针灸治疗痛经
Authors: Stefania Bresciani, Raffaella Mezzopane, Roberto Malavasi, Alberto Lomuscio作者：斯特凡布雷夏尼，拉法埃拉Mezzopane，罗伯托马拉瓦西，阿尔贝托洛穆肖
Institutions: Scuola di Medicina Naturale and Divisione di Ginecologia Ospedale San Paolo - Milano机构：Scuola di有关梅迪奇纳自然法和Divisione迪Ginecologia Ospedale圣保罗 - 米兰
Published in: SIA Journal #108, December 2003 (pp: 36-40)发表于：新航杂志＃108，2003年12月（页：36-40）
Summary: Thirty women with primary dysmenorrhea have been treated with acupuncture, following a fixed protocol. 摘要：30例原发性痛经妇女有针灸治疗后，固定的协议。 The authors have evaluated the intensity and duration of pain, the number of work days lost every month, the amount of drugs used to control the pain of menstruation, and associated symptoms.作者们评估疼痛的强度和持续时间，失去了工作，每月的天数，药品使用量来控制月经痛，及相关症状。 The results show a very significant reduction of all these parameters.结果显示，所有这些参数非常显着减少。 It is suggested to use acupuncture therapy in association with classical Western therapy in all the cases of primary dysmenorrhea.有人建议使用协会古典所有案件的西方治疗原发性痛经针灸疗法。
APPENDIX 6: Sample of Developments in Italian TCM附录6：在意大利中医发展样本
Following are images of the SIA journal cover and the Lao Dan product packaging to illustrate the work being done in Italy towards developing the field of TCM.以下是新航杂志封面和老挝丹产品包装说明的工作正在意大利进行图像为发展中医药领域。

SIA Journal Cover新航杂志封面
Label of Lao Dan Chinese Herb Products标签的老聃中药产品
from Italy来自意大利