猛禽飞行员亲口讲述飞行表演的全过程！

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发表于：2008-12-25 19:56:17 作者:泰龙1754更多作品
级别：少尉积分：3611
看航展的最佳位置
By Maj. Paul Moga 　作者：鲍尔·摩格　少校
Illustrations by Steve Hall　　配图：史蒂夫·霍尔
Most people have never seen the F-22, so the Raptor's airshow routine leaves a lasting first impression. The demonstration highlights the maneuverability and raw power of this new fighter. It also hammers home the point that the United States has jumped to a new generation of fighter aircraft.
大多数人从未亲眼看过F-22，在航展上猛禽也总是只留下惊鸿一瞥。这架战斗机在飞行表演当中最为出彩的就是其机动能力和强劲动力。它的现身无可争议地表明了美利坚合众国的战斗机已经跃入了新的时代。
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Preflight
飞行前
The maintenance team has serviced the jet and has it ready to go about an hour before I step out onto the flightline. Our crew consists of two full-time maintenance supervisors and eight crew chiefs and avionics technicians from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley, Virginia, who rotate on and off the team. I'm operationally assigned to the 94th Fighter Squadron, but the demo team itself falls under Air Combat Command.
在维护团队的努力下飞机已经在我滑入到起飞线前的大约一个小时做好了准备。我们的维护人员由来自弗吉尼亚州兰利基地第一飞行联队的两名专职监管、八名队长以及众多的航电技师轮班组成。我在编制上归属第94战斗机中队，但表演队本身是在空战司令部的直接指挥下。
On show day, both crew chiefs wait for me at the jet. The ladder is up, and the canopy is open. I look over and sign the forms in the Portable Maintenance Aid, essentially a laptop computer used to maintain the jet. One crew chief stands next to the ladder as the other follows me while I'm performing my walk around the jet, the same preflight checks that any Raptor pilot would do prior to a mission.
在表演当天，两名队长还有他们的队员都在飞机旁边等着我。舷梯已经架好，座舱盖也已经打开。我接过便携式维护辅助电脑在上面签了名，这台便携式电脑实际上是飞机维护专用的手提式计算机。一名队长站在了舷梯边上，其它人则跟着我围绕飞机进行检查，在执行任务之前每一名猛禽飞行员都要进行相同的起飞前检查。
When I'm done, both crew chiefs stand on either side of the ladder. I go to the front of the airplane for one last look. I salute the crew chiefs before climbing the ladder. My helmet is waiting for me in the cockpit. I preflight the seat and hop in. I hook up the lap belt, shoulder harnesses, and everything else. After I'm strapped in, the crew chief gives me my helmet, and I shake his hand. He says,"Good show."
在我结束检查时，两名队长站在了舷梯的两边。我走到了飞机前面最后看了一眼。我在登机前向两名队长敬礼。我的头盔正在座舱里等着我。我整理一下飞行座椅然后坐了上去。我系好腰带，肩带，以及其它飞行要求的各项固定准备。在完成这些固定工作之后，一名队长会给我头盔，我跟他握手。他对我说，“祝你表演成功。”
One crew chief removes the ladder and takes it away from the jet and goes to the side of the aircraft; the other crew chief goes off the nose. I preflight my switches, insert the data transfer card, and start the engine. The crew chiefs don't communicate with me through headsets——we perform the final ground checks, startup, and taxi-out visually. All the demo teams operate this way, and this is the only difference between how we launch for a demonstration and how we launch for a regular sortie.
会有一名队长会取下舷梯，把它搬离飞机以便让飞机开始滑行；另一名队长也会从机头下离开。我打开飞行准备的各个开关，插入数据传输卡，并启动发动机。队长们并不是用头戴式耳麦来与我联络——我们通过目光沟通来进行最后地面检查、启动、以及滑出。所有的飞行表演队都是这样做的，这也是我们开始一场表演和正式执行战斗任务时出发的唯一不同之处。
StartUp and Taxi-Out
启动和滑出
We don't waste time on the ground. Startup to taxi for a tactical sortie requires about fifteen minutes. At a show, I am taxiing in about eight. I set up my displays a little differently for a show than for a tactical sortie. I put the weapon bay door display on the left side because, when I hit the button to open the doors during the demo, I don't want to have to take my right hand off the stick to call up the display. On the right display, I have the control surface position display pulled up.
我们不会在地面上浪费时间，战术出击对从启动到滑行的时间要求大约是15分钟。在表演时，我大约在8分钟之后就开始滑行了。我把我的显示器调整的与战术出击时的显示略有不同。我把武器舱舱门显示在了左边，因为表演过程中当我要点击按钮打开舱门时，我不想让我的右手离开驾驶杆去操作显示器。在右边的显示器上，我打开了控制面位置的显示界面。
I put the engine display on the center secondary display between my knees. I put course line and the navigation data on the big center display. On the head-up display, I have the standard HUD data, except I include a portion of the flight test display to see yaw angles.
我把发动机显示在了我两膝之间的二号显示器上。航线以及导航数据则被我放在了正中间的一号大显示器上。在平显上，我使用的是标准的平显数据，并没有试飞时所包含的侧滑角的显示。
As I taxi out to the end of the runway, I am on the radio with my safety observer to confirm that the jet is good to go and that I am on time. I double-check with him that my altimeter is set to zero. I dial my altimeter until it reads zero feet in the HUD so I have above-ground-level readings during the routine.
在我滑行到跑道尽头时，我用无线电与我的安全观察员联系确认飞机的起飞状态和我的起飞时间。我和他反复确认了我的高度计已经设置在了归零的状态。我将我的高度计进行了调节直到平显上的读数显示为零，这样在整个表演期间我所看到的读数都是对地的相对高度。
Takeoff
起飞
When I take the runway, I radio the safety officer that I'm lined up and ready. He cues me when the music and narration have started. I wait about two minutes and then run up the engines. I push up the power to about eighty percent. About five or ten seconds pass, and the safety observer tells me to release the brakes.
I throw the engines into full afterburner and roll. The aircraft shoots down the runway, rotates, and is airborne in about 1,000 feet. Most spectators are surprised at how fast this roughly 70,000-pound jet gets off the ground. I retract the gear and accelerate through a shallow climb. I watch the runway in front of me and my airspeed and anticipate arriving at show center.
在我进入跑道时，我用无线电联系安全观察员说我已到位准备完毕。他会在音乐和解说开始时给我提示。我等了大约两分钟然后开始推发动机油门。我把推力加大到了百分之八十左右。经过大约5到10秒的时间，安全观察员通知我松刹车。我把油门推到加力状态并开始滑跑。飞机在跑道上急速掠过，大约在1,000英尺的位置上就升空了。大多数观众都很惊奇这架接近70,000磅的飞机居然就在这么短的距离上就升空了。我收起起落架并通过较小的爬升继续加速。我盯着我眼前的跑道和空速显示，直到航线指示器落在了展览中心的位置。
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Pullup, Backflip, And Aileron Roll
拉起，斤斗，副翼滚转
For the first maneuver, a pullup followed by a backflip, I make sure I'm not too slow or too fast at show center. I pull back on the stick and bring up the nose to just shy of pure vertical. After I've gained some altitude, I glance back over my shoulder to check my orientation to the show lines below. I transmit my altitude to my safety observer to make sure that I'm okay. If he says numbers look good, I execute a backflip over the top of the climb until the nose is pointed back down towards show center.
首先要进行的机动动作，是拉起之后接一个斤斗，我确认我在通过展览中心时的速度大小快慢合适。我向后拉起驾驶杆使机头的位置近乎垂直。在取得足够的高度之后，我回头瞥了一眼以检查我的朝向是否对准了下面的地面标线。我把我的高度报告给我的安全观察员以确认一切正常。如果他说数据看起来没有问题，我就在爬升的最高点位置做一个斤斗，直到机头的位置再次指向展览中心。
As soon as the nose gets pointed downhill, I offset the whisky mark [the waterline indicator——a W-shaped indicator in the center of the HUD] about 1,500 feet from the show center line away from the crowd.
只要机头一向下，我就要把W型的标记（水平线标志，平显上的一个W型的指示器）转到距离展览中心观众人群大约1500英尺之外。
The airplane is slow after the backflip. With the nose straight down, I build up airspeed until I have enough to perform the next maneuver——an aileron roll.
飞机在做完斤斗之后速度会变慢。在机头下落的过程中，我要恢复速度来进行下一步的机动——一个副翼滚转。
I transmit my parameters to the safety observer to make sure I have enough altitude to complete the roll. The total degree of the roll is based solely on the direction of the takeoff. If I took off from left to right, I execute a 405-degree roll. If I took off from right to left, I execute a 225-degree roll. The goal is to recover in a forty-five degree angle away from the crowd.
我将飞行参数报告给安全观察员以确定我具有足够的高度来完成这个滚转。滚转的总度数完全取决于起飞时的方向。如果我是从左向右起飞，我就要做一个405度的滚转。如果我是从右向左起飞，我就要做一个225度的滚转。这样做的目的是和人群保持一个45度的角度。
After the downward roll, I begin a recovery pull to level out. The pull isn't quite full back on the stick, because I don't need to crank hard on the jet to recover it. I stay in full AB the whole time. I extend away from the crowd and accelerate a little for the turn back to show center.
在向下滚转之后，我开始重新拉到水平退出。拉起时驾驶杆并不是一拉到底，因为我并不需要很急速地将飞机拉平。在这整个过程中我一直开着发动机加力。接下来我开始飞离人群并稍微加速准备转身回到展览中心。
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Level360-Degree Turn
水平360度转向
The next maneuver is a level360-degree turn. Once I have enough turning room behind me, I roll left, pitch back right, and angle the Raptor back toward the crowd. I bring the throttles out of AB.
接下来的机动动作是水平360度转向。一旦我的身后有了足够的空间，我就向左滚转，蹬右舵，让猛禽飞回人群上空。我这时将油门从加力状态下收回。
I start descending in a right-hand turn to get myself lined up on the 500-foot show line. At 500-feet altitude, I modulate the power to arrive at show center in full AB at right around 400 to 450 knots for a level360-degree turn. I watch my HUD for airspeed and altitude and look outside for the 1,500-foot show line and show center.
我在右转弯的过程中开始降低高度让自己进入500英尺处的地面标线。在500英尺位置上，我调节发动机的推力在完全加力的状态下以400到450节之间的速度准备做水平360度转向的动作。我盯着平显上显示的空速、高度，还有平显外距离展览中心1500英尺处的位置。
A couple thousand feet before I arrive at show center, I roll to the right using the stick, set the bank angle, and execute a full back stick turn. The turn is not a maximum sustained rate turn, which is a turn that maintains airspeed. It is a minimum radius turn, so I am losing airspeed. Initially, this maneuver is roughly 8.5 on the g-meter.
在我到达距离展览中心大约2000英尺出头的位置时，我用驾驶杆做了一个右滚，定好倾斜角度，接着做了一个拉杆到底的转向。这个转向并不是最大稳定速率下的转弯，即保持空速前提下的转向。这个转向是一个最小半径转向，因此我会损失一些空速。这个机动动作在一开始时，过载表上指示接近8.5个G。
I continue with the stick all the way back until I bleed down energy to get the airspeed I need, which is about 300 knots or so at the end of the circle and at show center. A lot of things are going on at this point. I am maintaining my airspeed and looking outside to modify my pull and my turn to be able to arrive back at show center at roughly the same point where I started.
我继续把驾驶杆完全拉到底直到发动机使飞机重新达到我所需要的空速，即大约300节左右，也就是在展览中心上空完成整个圆周前后。在这个点上我要完成许多动作。我要保持我的空速，看着舱外修正我的拉杆与转向动作使飞机能够在接近动作开始时的相同位置上回到展览中心上空。
The turn is probably a full hard pull for the first 180 degrees. I have to back off after that to maintain airspeed for the second half. If I start off on the 500-foot line, I usually end up on the 1,500-foot line because the jet turns so tightly.
这个转向在前180度时基本上是完全向后拉杆的。在后180度时为了保持住空速我不得不相对放松一点驾驶杆。如果我是在500英尺线上开始转向，通常我会在1500英尺线的位置上结束整个转向，因为这架飞机实在是太棒了。
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J-Turn
J字型转向
As soon as I get to show center at the end of the360-degree turn, I roll out wings level and come all the way back on the stick to bring the jet to ninety degrees nose high to prepare for the next maneuver——a J-turn. This maneuver looks like the hammerhead performed by the small aerobatic planes. The aircraft basically makes a 180-degree turn in the yaw axis.
一旦我在结束360度转向回到展览中心上空时，我就通过滚转使机翼回到水平位置，接着全力向后拉杆使飞机仰角达到90度准备做下一个机动动作——一个J字型转向。这个机动动作看上去有点像小型特技飞机表演的“锤头”。飞机在这个动作中基本上完成一个Y轴方向上的180度转向。
I look behind me to make sure my wings are level with the show line and that I'm right at ninety degrees nose high. I hold that position for four or five seconds. I check the HUD to make sure I have the altitude I need to push over. I then go full forward on the stick. This usually results in a large negative-g force because I have some excess airspeed left. I push the nose down until it is right on the horizon and maintain level flight until the jet stabilizes.
我回头看了一眼确认我的机翼和地面标线处于对齐状态，即我正在以90度的仰角在垂直爬升。我将这种状态保持了大约四到五秒的时间。我检查了一下平显上的数据，确认自己有足够的高度继续后面的动作。接下来我把驾驶杆向前推到头。这个动作产生的结果就是出现了巨大的负G过载，因为这个时候飞机还是保留有一定的空速的。我一直推着驾驶杆直到飞机回复水平姿态稳定地向前平飞。
As soon as the jet is stable, I pull the stick all the way back until the aircraft stalls. I push on the rudder pedal and begin a yaw rate turn to the left. The nose starts carving to the left, which initiates the J-turn.
一旦飞机的姿态稳定之后，我又向后将驾驶杆一拉到底直到飞机进入失速状态。我蹬方向舵踏板使飞机沿Y轴向左进入滚转。机头开始向左滑落，进入了J字型转向的起始状态。
As soon as my nose gets through the horizon down low and I am comfortable with the repositioning line, I push the nose forward a little——not necessarily to move the nose, but to break the angle of attack so I can start flying the jet out of the turn while descending. I leave the engines in AB the whole time.
在我的机头从地平线下方慢慢抬起、我又看到正常的飞行姿态时，我向前推杆压了压机头——这个动作并不是要改变机头的指向，而是要停止飞机攻角的继续增大，让飞机在下降高度的同时开始退出转向动作。在这整个过程中发动机的加力都是打开的。
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Weapon Bay Door Pass And Roll
开武器舱门通场与滚转
I usually come out of the J-turn to the left in preparation for the weapon bay door pass and roll. I look over my shoulder and start a descending left-hand turn to get lined up with show center. I bring my throttles out of AB; otherwise, I will be way too fast by the time I get there. I look outside to choose the best line for the pass.
在J字型转向动作的结束过程中我通常会完成开武器舱门通场与滚转动作的准备工作。我回头观察之后接着一个降低高度的左转对准展览中心。我把油门退出加力状态；否则我飞到展览中心这个过程的时间就会太快了。我看着舱外寻找最佳的通场航线。
Typically, while descending, I pick up my altitude, which is about 300 feet. I slow the jet to about 200 knots and choose a point to the right of show center. I wait until just prior to the 500-foot line before setting the bank angle.
标准情况下，在降低高度的同时，我会留心高度表的显示，把高度控制在300英尺左右。我把飞机的速度降低到200节左右，并选好展览中心右侧的某个点，我会在正好抵达500英尺标线处时才开始设定机身倾斜的角度。
The throttles are already where I want them, so I simply fly the line. Just short of show center, I open all the weapon bay doors, including those for the two side weapon bays. This maneuver highlights one stealthy characteristic of the Raptor, that is, internal weapon bays. As soon as I get a call from my safety observer that I'm past show center, I close the doors. I roll out, push up the power, and start climbing to get back over to the 1,500-foot line at 500 feet for an aerobatic360-degree roll before popping back up.
油门早已经设定在了我需要的位置，因此我只需要向前直飞。在快到展览中心之前，我打开了包括左右两侧武器舱的所有武器舱门。这个机动动作着重展示了猛禽的一个隐身特点，即内置武器舱。当我听到安全观察员告诉我已经飞过展览中心时，我关闭了打开的舱门。我完成剩下的滚转动作，加大了油门，并开始爬升，在500英尺高度的1500英尺标线处做一个360度的特技滚转，然后接一个垂直拉起。
I have to accelerate, climb, and move myself to a different show line right before I execute a full AB,360-degree roll to the left. As soon as I get to wings level, I pull the stick back for a second to get the nose pulled up. I maintain sixty- or seventy-degrees nose high. I increase spacing and altitude so I can pitch back in for the next maneuver——a dedication pass.
我必需要加速、爬升，在接通完全加力、完成向左的360滚转之前我还要让自己对正地面不同的标线。在机翼回复水平的那一刹那，我向后拉杆并保持一段时间使机头抬起。我将机头仰角保持在60到70度左右。我要增加空间和高度以便完成下一个机动动作——震撼通场。
Dedication Pass
震撼通场
My goal for the dedication pass is to go by the crowd as fast as allowable in full AB. I modulate the throttles as needed to make sure I'm not too fast. I have to watch the speed, as the jet is begging to go supersonic, something that is frowned on at airshows.
我做震撼通场这个动作的目标是在完全加力的状态下以尽可能快的速度飞越观众。我把油门调整到适当的位置以便不会使自己飞的太快。我必须要注意速度，不让飞机进入超音速，因为航展主办方不赞成这样的行为。
I pick up the line for the pass. I have to be able to see where the 500-foot corner marker is on the right side of the crowd. I'm coming from behind the crowd, making an arcing pass in front of them. I have to make sure I don't bust any of the 500-foot crowd lines.
我选择好了飞越的航线。我要尽量看到人观众右侧500英尺标线的那个位置。我是从观众的后方飞过来，划一个弧线飞到他们的前面。我要确保整个飞越动作在距离观众500英尺的范围内完成。
While doing that, I am screaming down and looking to level off at 300 feet to be at the 500-foot corner marker at about Mach .9 to start off. Then I accelerate to Mach .94 or so in the turn at full AB.
在这个动作的过程当中，我首先向着300英尺的高度呼啸而下，以大约0.9马赫的速度抵达500英尺处的地面标线。然后我加速到0.94马赫左右，在完全加力的状态下开始转弯。
If I leave the throttles up the entire time, I am going to be too fast and will have to pull out of AB, which means the pass won't be as impressive. I have to look outside to hit the right show line and watch the HUD to make sure I have the right airspeed and altitude. Since I'm doing all this during a nine-g turn, the dedication pass takes a lot of practice to perfect.
如果我在整个过程中保持油门不动，我就会飞得太快，从而不得不关掉加力，这样一来这个飞越动作就不会给人留下深刻的印象。因此我不得不在盯着舱外标尺线的同时注意着平显上的显示使自己保持在正确的高度和速度上。由于我要在9G转弯的过程中进行这样的观察，因此这个震撼通场的动作需要许多次的练习才能做的完美。
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Pedal Turn
蹬舵转向
As soon as I pass show center, I roll out and bring the throttles to idle to keep from going supersonic. This move is followed by a nine-g pop-up into the vertical to slow the aircraft for the next maneuver——a pedal turn.
在我飞过展览中心的那一瞬间，我要压坡度并把油门退回到待机的位置以避免进入超音速。此后我要紧接着做一个9G的垂直拉起动作来让飞机减速，为下一个机动动作——蹬舵转向做好准备。
I pitch back to the right and look outside. I cross check my displays for engine and fuel status. I fly the aircraft back down to the 1,500-foot line at 500 feet and modify my airspeed to get at show center for the pullup. I level off at about 500 feet.
我蹬右舵并向外观察。我对显示屏上的发动机及燃油状态进行了交叉核查。我在500英尺高度上把飞机飞回到1500英尺标线处，并且调整我的空速准备飞到展览中心上空时拉起，在大约500英尺标线处我把飞机改平。
I'm doing some serious throttle modulating here, because I need enough space and airspeed to light the afterburners before I go into the vertical. So, if I maintain twenty knots shy of the airspeed I need prior to pulling up, then I'll be fifteen knots over it by the time I get there, because the jet accelerates so well. I have to play the airspeed and allow the jet to accelerate as it's going into full AB. A lot of these adjustments are done by feel. Performing this maneuver purely by the instruments in the cockpit would look terrible.
在这个时候我会做一些重要的油门调整，因为我需要足够的空间和空速在进入垂直机动前点燃加力。也就是说，如果我在拉起前需要保持大约20节的空速，那么在这个时候我的空速就应该是15节多一点，因为这架飞机的加速性能实在是太好了。我不得不对空速进行控制，以便让飞机在进入加力状态的情况下完成加速。许多这样的调整动作都需要由感觉来完成。要是单纯靠座舱仪表的显示来完成这个动作的话那看上去就会太糟糕了。
Once both engines are in full AB, I look to the right. Just prior to show center, I pull up. I stop right at ninety degrees nose high in the HUD initially, and then look outside at the horizon and the show line behind me.
一旦发动机进入到完全加力状态，我就要向右看。就在快要飞到展览中心的时候，我就会拉起。当平显显示机头拉起到90度时我就要立刻停止拉起动作，然后观察舱外水平方向以及身后的地面标线。
Because I'm doing a360-degree turn, I look to the left and pick a landmark on the ground. I keep my head fixed as I deflect the stick fully to the left. I stop the turn as soon as I see the landmark again. That is the only way to tell I have done a full360degrees. I always roll left because it is easier for me.
因为我要做的是一个360度的转向，因此我要向左看并从地面上选择一个地标物。在将驾驶杆完全压到左边的同时我也把头部的位置固定住。当我重新看到地标物的时候我就立即停止转向。这是让我知道已经完成360度转向的唯一办法。之所以我总是做向左的滚转是因为这样对我来说更加容易一点。
I look at the HUD to make sure I have the altitude I need to do the backflip before the pedal turn. I come all the way back on the stick and loop the jet. As soon as I get to ninety degrees nose low, I look outside and see where I am on the show line.
我查看平显上的显示以确认我有足够的高度来完成蹬舵转向前的直体后空翻的动作。我把驾驶杆向后拉到底使飞机完成后翻动作。在机头指向垂直向下的那一刹那，我将目光转向舱外看当前自己对准的是哪一条地面标线。
When my nose gets to the horizon, I feed in the rudder pedal to start the360-degree turn. I keep the jet stalled by holding the stick back. I'm basically flying with my feet getting the jet into the flat turn.
当我的机头回到水平时，我就蹬舵开始360度的转向。我通过拉杆使飞机进入失速状态。我基本上是靠感觉来飞这个动作，让飞机进入扁平的转向。
I check altitude to make sure I'm going to make it all the way around. I also look outside to make sure I'm not drifting over the crowd. As soon as I have gone a full360degrees plus about twenty degrees more to keep me going away from the crowd, I take my foot off the rudder pedal, push forward on the stick, and fly the jet out.
我要检查高度表确认我可以完成整个转向。我还要观察舱外确保我没有滑向观众。当我完成了360度的转向，并额外转了20度来使飞机偏离人群之后，我结束了蹬舵动作，向前推驾驶杆，让飞机开始脱离。
I maintain a heading away from the crowd as I gain the altitude I need to pitch back in.
在我增加高度转向返回的过程中我始终让机头与观众保持一定的偏离。
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Power Loop And Loaded Roll
大回环和过载滚转
The pedal turn is followed by a power loop. As I reposition, I look outside to see where I am relative to the crowd. I want to arrive to the right of show center at 1,500 feet in full AB and with the airspeed I need to execute the maneuver. I want to hit show center with both throttles up and establishing full AB by the time I start the pullup.
蹬舵转向之后是一个大回环的动作。在我把飞机改平之后，我观察舱外找准我与观众的相对距离。我要在1500英尺的高度和开始新动作所需的空速条件下正好飞临展览中心的上空。我要在开始拉起的那一瞬间用全油门和打开的加力让展览中心的人们感受到震憾。
The initial pull for the power loop is not full back. I'm just getting the jet smoothly established in the vertical. Once I get to a certain point in the pull and I've got the jet where I want it, I command full back on the stick and get high AOA. People say that maneuver looks like the jet is turning inside of itself as I execute a mini power loop at the top.
大回环动作的起始阶段并不是把驾驶杆拉到底的。我是让飞机平顺地进入到垂直状态。一旦拉到了一个特定的位置使飞机到了位，我才把驾驶杆拉到底形成一个高攻角。人们说我在大回环的顶端做这个机动时飞机就好像是在绕着自己打转。
The power loop is a cool maneuver. Once I became comfortable with it, I could look outside instead of staring at the HUD. With the jet at ninety degrees nose high, I tilt my head straight back, trying to see between the tails.
大回环是一个很酷的机动动作。在我的姿态回复正常的那个时候，我就可以不用盯着平显而是转头看看舱外。由于这时候飞机是呈机头向上90度的状态，我还要歪着头向后看，才能够通过垂尾之间看到后面的情况。
I see the ground come up, and the aircraft is inverted with wings level. At this point, I'm looking up through the canopy, and the ground is getting farther away because I'm still climbing as I execute that turn. The jet doesn't actually start descending until I'm all the way through the loop.
我看到地面的升起，然后飞机进入到倒飞的状态。在这个时候，我抬头看座舱之外，地面会不断地变得更远，因为在我掉头的这个过程中飞机仍然是在上升的。在我完成整个大回环之前飞机实际上都不会开始掉高度。
I keep the turn going until the nose comes back up to the next horizon. Then I push the nose forward. I fly the jet out of the loop, and I look to catch the right altitude, airspeed, and AOA for the loaded roll. As soon as I have my parameters set, I jam the stick to the left. The jet goes right into the medium AOA loaded roll and just flops right back around.
我继续掉头的动作直到机头重新回到水平的位置。接下来我会压住上抬的机头。我让飞机完成整个的大回环动作，并且检查这个时候的高度、空速还有攻角，准备做过载滚转。当上述参数满足要求时，我就把驾驶杆压到左边。飞机于就是进入了中度攻角的过载滚转并向右后方向掉落。
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Tail Slide
尾滑
I keep that left-hand turn going and bring the throttles out of full AB to make sure I'm not accelerating too much. Now, I'm just flying myself to the parameters for the tail slide. I continue the left-hand turn behind the crowd so I can set myself up to be directly over show center at a thousand feet behind the crowd with speed to pull up for the tail slide.
我继续向左压杆，并且把油门从加力状态下收回以便不使飞机加速的太快。现在，我要准备好飞尾滑的相关参数条件。我继续向左压杆飞到人群之后，这样我就可以让自己在人群身后1000英尺的距离上正展览中心，以合适的速度拉起开始尾滑动作。
I roll out over show center, modifying my throttles, and go directly over the top. As soon as I cross over the top of show center and get to about the 500-foot line from looking down, I come all the way back on the stick to get to about seventy-five degrees nose high.
我在展览中心上空改平，调整好我的油门，然后直冲蓝天。就在我飞过展览中心的上空、回头看到地面上的500英尺标线时，我用力把驾驶杆向后拉到底，使飞机的仰角达到75度。
With the nose set, I come out of MIL power and slow down. As I start approaching my altitude, I hold the nose where it is. I start pushing the throttles up into MIL power just prior to where the jet starts the tail slide.
在拉好机头仰角的同时，我把油门退出军用推力开始减速。在接近预定高度的过程中，我保持好机头的仰角。就在飞机开始要进入尾滑的时候，我重新把油门推入到军用推力的位置。
I use the rudder pedals and the stick and throttle to hold the jet exactly where it is. It will slowly start running itself out of airspeed. I'll see the cue in my HUD when it starts sliding. I'll go from 50 knots, to 40, to 30, to 20, to 10, and tag zero airspeed. Then the numbers start counting UP again except now they are indicating backwards airspeed. The HUD actually shows me how fast I'm falling.
我用方向舵、驾驶杆还有油门来保持住飞机的状态。飞机这个时候会开始慢慢地损失掉空速。我可以从平显上的指示看到尾滑是否开始了。我会看到空速从50节降到40节、30节、20节、10节，并一直降到0节。然后空速又会逐渐地上升，不同之处在于这个时候它所表示的是飞机掉落的速度。平显可以告诉我正在以多快的速度往下掉。
I look at the HUD to see if I'm going to recover on altitude or airspeed limits. Whichever one I get to first, that's the time I start to recover. I make sure the throttles are in MIL power, push the nose down, and fly out.
我通过平显来判断飞机是否到达了要开始恢复高度和速度的时候。无论高度还是速度当中哪一个先到达了限定值，我都要开始退出的动作。我要确认油门处于军用推力的状态，压低机头，开始退出。
The tail slide is a fairly benign maneuver for this jet. Most any other jet would probably tumble down into the trees. This is a unique maneuver for the F-22 because the aircraft's flight control system and the vectored thrust allow me to be under complete control the entire time.
尾滑这个动作非常适合于这架飞机。许多其它的飞机在做这个动作时可能会翻滚着掉到地面。这是F-22独一无二的机动动作，因为这架飞机的飞控系统和矢量推力允许我在整个机动过程中完全控制住飞机。
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Slow-Speed Pass
低速通场
After the tail slide, I decide how to reposition based on the winds. I want to be into the wind for my slow-speed pass. I get a radio call from the guys on the ground recommending right to left or left to right.
在尾滑之后，我要根据风向的情况做出改平的决定。我要迎风飞行以便做好低速通场的机动动作。地面上的同事会用无线电建议我是从右向左飞还是从左向右飞。
I'm in MIL power initially, but then I back out to continue to slow the jet down. It is nearly impossible to get this jet slowed down if it gets too fast. I have to start working at least thirty seconds out to make sure I'm at the right airspeed.
一开始的时候我的油门是在军用推力状态下，但接下来我就要把它退出来使飞机减速。如果这架飞机飞的很快的话你想让它马上慢下来几乎是不可能的。我至少要提前30秒钟的时间来让自己调整好空速。
I get established in the 500-foot line. At about ninety degrees away from the show line, I modify the power, and then I perform an aggressive pullup to establish about thirty-six degrees AOA at around 800-feet altitude. I'll pull past the show line, and then I kick in top rudder to come back in the other direction to get locked on the show line, on altitude, on airspeed.
我在500英尺标线的位置上开始做这个动作。大约在距离基准标线90度的时候，我调整发动机的推力，接着在800英尺的高度上拉出大约36度攻角。我会一直拉着驾驶杆飞过基准标线，接下来我要蹬舵转向，从相反的方向飞回来，同时对准基准标线、保持住高度和速度。
Keeping a straight line is tough. The only thing I have for visual cues is my heading and HUD. I rely on my ground guys to make sure that I'm not drifting over the crowd. They'll tell me to check one way or the other. I have good authority over the jet to modify my heading. I'll kick a little rudder and check five or ten degrees away from the crowd to make sure I'm on the right line.
这时候要保持直线飞行的状态是很困难的。唯一可以做为可视指示的就是我的朝向和平显。我依靠地面上的同事来确保我没有滑向人群。他们会告诉我检查一下这个或者那个。我可以完全地控制飞机来调整朝向。我会蹬一点舵，与人群保持5到10度的夹角，保证自己的航线正确。
For the slow-speed pass, I have to listen to the jet. I cannot just fly it off of the data I am receiving in the HUD. I have to be aware of everything that's going on. I have to monitor sink rate, altitude, airspeed, AOA, and my stick and my throttle all at the same time. This maneuver really takes practice.
对于低速通场这个动作来说，我必须要注意听飞机的声音。我不能够只依靠平显上显示的数据来飞行。我必须对所发生的一切保持警惕。我要在同一时间注意观察下降率，高度，空速，攻角，还有我的驾驶杆杆位和油门。这个机动动作真的需要很多的练习。
The jet is so responsive that it flies well this slow. I have all the excess power I need. I'm not even in MIL power when I'm doing this maneuver. I just hang there. You can see the stabilators moving around a little to maintain stable flight. Typically, I can't see show center until just before I pass it.
这架飞机的响应是如此的好，甚至在这样的低速时也是一样。我拥有足够的剩余推力。在做这个机动动作时我甚至都没有用到军用推力。我就一直挂在那里。你可以看到水平尾翼在调整以保持稳定的飞行。正常情况下，直到我快飞过展览中心之前，我是看不到展览中心的。
I extend the pass all the way down the show line to give myself spacing to do the split-S because the jet climbs so well. I throw the throttles into full AB, and I don't even have to lower my nose position to get airspeed. I can hold the nose where it is. I typically have to bring the nose up, or else the jet will accelerate too much. I usually pull the nose up another five or ten degrees to prevent it from accelerating past the airspeed that I want it to be at before I start the split-S.
因为飞机的爬升性能很好，因此我把通场的长度延长到了表演航线的尽头以便留出空间做接下来的破S机动。我把油门推入到完全加力的状态，在甚至没有压低机头的情况下就开始加速了。我可以保持住机头的仰角爬升。我略微拉起了一点机头，否则飞机的加速就会太快了。我通常会把机头再拉起5度到10度以防止空速超出开始破S机动的要求。
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Split-S And High-Speed Pass
破S和高速通场
As I climb, I look over my shoulder to see the crowd line. I call my safety observer and tell him my altitude and airspeed. As long as they are good, he'll say, "Good numbers."
在我爬升的同时，我会回头查看人群的位置。我呼叫我的安全观察员，告诉他我的高度和速度，当它们符合安全要求时，他会回答说：“参数很好。”
I roll and come back around for the split-S. Initially, the split-S is in AB to make sure I can make the turn. But very quickly after that, I have to bring the throttles out of AB to make sure I'm not supersonic by the time I get to the show center again.
我做一个横滚返身开始了破S机动。在刚开始的阶段，破S是在加力状态下进行的以保证转向的进行。但是很快，我就要把油门从加力状态下收回以保证我在飞过展览中心上空的时候不会超过音速。
This is another one of those high-speed passes where I have to really pay attention. I want to arrive at show center at the right airspeed in full burner to make sure that the pass is fast and loud. This jet accelerates so fast that trying to control it for a high-speed pass is one of the more difficult things I have to do.
这又是一个需要我倍加小心的高速通场动作。我要在加力状态下以合适的速度上抵达展览中心确保通场时又快又轰动。这架飞机的加速性能是如此之快以至于要控制它的高速通场变成了我必须要小心应付的一个难题。
As soon as I pass show center, I'm back into idle pulling as hard as I can——much like the dedication pass. The aircraft has less gas and is a little lighter now. This is a mid-to-high nine-g pullup.
在我飞过展览中心的时候，我要尽量的向后拉杆——这跟我在完成震憾通场动作时的情形很相似。这个时候飞机的燃油少了，变得更轻了一点。这是一个中高难度的9g拉起。
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Hoover Pitch
胡佛摇摆
I climb and reposition for my last maneuver, the Hoover Pitch. I named it as a tribute to Bob Hoover, the famous airshow pilot. He used to perform this maneuver in a P-51 Mustang. It consists of a combination of two knife-edge passes separated by an inverted tuck.
我爬高并改平准备最后一个机动动作，即胡佛摇摆。我以鲍伯·胡佛的名字为这个动作命名，他是著名的表演飞行员。他曾经在P-51“野马”战斗机上表演过这个动作。这个动作由两个刀锋通场中间加一个反向转身组成。
I fly far from the crowd before this pass since the jet is so fast from the high-speed pass and takes time to slow down. I make sure I have the spacing away from the runway I need. I pitch back around. I line up on the 1,500-foot show line, slow the jet down, and go down to about 300 feet or so. I want to be nose high when I do my roll for the knife-edge pass at show center.
我在做这个通场动作之前远远地飞离了观众的位置，因为这架飞机在高速通场时飞的太快了，需要一点时间来减速。我要确保我有足够的跑道空间来完成这个动作。我转身返场。飞机对准1500英尺的地面标线，减速，并且降低高度到300英尺左右。当我在展览中心上空横滚准备做刀锋通场的动作时我要让机头抬高。
A couple of thousand feet before show center, I light the afterburners, roll, and establish a ninety-degree knife-edge to the crowd. I hold it for a second or two to give the crowd a good look at the top of the airplane. Then I do a 180-degree tuck-under to get to a knife-edge on the other side so the crowd can see the belly of the Raptor. Afterwards, I come all the way back on the stick and pitch up to land.
在距离展览中心两千英尺多一点的时候，我打开了加力，横滚，并且向人群做出一个90度的刀锋通场动作。我将这个动作保持了一到两秒钟的时间以便让地面上的观众能够看清楚头顶上的飞机。然后我做了一个180度的翻转，完成另一侧的刀锋通场动作，以便让观众能够看到猛禽的机腹。在此之后，我就全力拉起驾驶杆准备降落。
您的帖子被蜀中行于2008-12-25 19:57:17置顶