九年级英语1

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人教版新目标九年级英语-Unit1-10重点知识梳理

初三第10单元 2010-10-09 07:46:30 阅读72 评论0   字号: 订阅

 

人教版新目标九年级英语-Unit1-10重点知识梳理

Unit 1

一:知识点

1.Check in : 在旅馆的登记入住。       Check out: 在旅馆结账离开。

2.By: ①通过…..方式(途径)。例:I learn English by listening to tapes.

②在…..旁边。例:by the window/the door

③乘坐交通工具 例:by bus/car

④在……之前,到……为止。例:by October在10月前

⑤被      例:English is spoken by many people.

3.how与what的区别:

 how通常对方式或程度提问,意思有:怎么样 如何,通常用来做状语、表语。

 what通常对动作的发出者或接受者提问,意思为 什么,通常做宾语,主语。

How is your summer holiday?  It’s OK.(how表示程度 做表语)

How did you travel around the world?  I travel by air.

What do you learn at school?  I learn English, math and many other subjects.

4.aloud, loud ,loudly 均可做副词。

  aloud 出声地 大声地 多与read 、speak连用 

例如:read aloud 朗读     speak aloud说出声来

  loud 大声地 响亮地             loudly 高声地多指喧闹声和不悦耳的声音。

5. voice 指人的嗓音 也指鸟鸣。  sound 指人可以听到的各种声音。  noise 指噪音、吵闹声

6. find + 宾语 + 宾补(名词 形容词 介词短语分词等)

  例:I find him friendly.         I found him working in the garden.

We found him in bed.              He found the window closed.

7. 常见的系动词有: ①是:am 、is、 are     ②保持:keep、 stay   

③ 转变:become、 get、 turn  ④ ……起来 feel、 look、 smell、 taste、 sound

8. get + 宾语 + 宾补(形容词 过去分词 动词不定式) 使某种情况发生

例:Get the shoes clean. 把鞋擦干净   Get Mr. Green to come. 让格林先生进来

I want to get my bike repaired. 我想去修自行车

You can’t get him waiting. 你不能让他老等着

9. 动词不定式做定语

①与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系

The next train to arrive was from New York. He is always the first to come.

②与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系

I have nothing to say.               I need a pen to write with.

I need some paper to write on.       I don’t have a room to live in.

10. practice , fun 做名词为不可数名词            11. add 补充说 又说

12. join 加入某团体 并成为其中一员     attend 出席参加会议或讲座

   join in与take part in指参加到某项活动中去。

13.all、 both、 always以及every复合词与not连用构成部分否定。其完全否定为:all---none, both---neither, everything---nothing, everybody---nobody.

14.be afraid of害怕 be afraid to害怕 be afraid that恐怕担心,表示委婉语气

15.either:

①放在否定句末表示“也”            ②两者中的“任一”

③either…or…  或者…或者.…引导主语部分,谓语动词按照就近原则处理

16.complete完成,是个较正式的词,后不能接动名词   finish指日常事物的完成

17.a,an 与序数词连用表示“又一”,“再一”。

  例:Please give me a second apple.       There comes a fifth girl.

18.have trouble/difficult/problem (in) doing….. 干…..遇到麻烦,困难

19.unless  除非,如果不,等于“if not”本身就表示否定,引导条件状语从句,主句为将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。

  例:My baby sister doesn’t cry unless she’s hungry.

   =My baby sister doesn’t cry if she isn’t hungry.

Unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident.如果你不多加小心的话,你会出事的。

20.instead:adv 代替,更换。 

   例:We have no coffee, would you like tea instead?  我们没有咖啡了,改喝茶好吗?

Stuart was ill, so I went instead.     斯图尔病了,所以换了我去。

instead of 作为某人或某事物的替换

例:Let’s play cards instead of watching TV.

Give me the red one instead of the green one.

21.spoken 口头的,口语的。       Speaking 讲话的,说某种语言的。

二,短语:

1.by making flashcards 通过做单词抽认卡     2. ask…for help 向某人求助

3.read aloud 朗读                    4.that way (=in that way) 通过那种方式

5.improve my speaking skills 提高我的会话技巧

6.for example (=for instance)例如        7.have fun 玩得高兴                   

8.have conversations with friends 与朋友对话

9.get excited 高兴,激动                

10.end up speaking in Chinese 以说汉语结束对话

11.do a survey about… 做有关…的调查  12.keep an English notebook 记英语笔记13.spoken English (= oral English) 英语口语     14.make mistakes  犯错误

15.get the pronunciation right 使发音准确    

16.practise speaking English 练习说英语   17.first of all 首先                 18.begin with 以…开始                  19.later on 随后                           

20.in class在课堂上                    21.laught at 嘲笑                        

22.take notes 记笔记                    23.enjoy doing 喜欢干…                  

24.write down 写下,记下

25.look up (v + adv) 查找,查询            26.native speakers 说本族话的人

27.make up 编造,虚构,化妆,打扮       28.around the world 全世界

29.deal with 对待,处理,解决 30.worry about (be worried about) 担心,担忧

31.be angry with 生某人的气               32.stay angry 生气

33.go by 消逝                            34. regard…as… 把…当做…

35.complain about/of 抱怨       36. change…into… 把…变成… (= turn into)

37.with the help of 在…的帮助下 38. compare…to (with)…  把…和…作比较

39.think of (think about) 想起,想到    40.physical problems身体上的问题

41.break off 中断,突然终止            42. not…at all 根本不,全然不

三,句子

1. How do you study for a test? 你怎样为考试做准备?

2. I have learned a lot that way. 用那种方法,我已经学到了很多东西。

3.It’s too hard to understand the voice. 听懂那些声音太难了。

4.Memorizing the words of pop songs also helped a little.记流行歌曲的词也起作用。

5. Wei Ming feels differently. 卫明有不同的感受。

6.He finds watching movies frustrating. 他觉得看电影让人感到沮丧.

7.She added that having conversations with friends was not helpful at all.

她又说和朋友对话根本没用。

8.I don’t have a partner to practice English with. 我没有搭档一起练习英语。

9.Later on, I realized that it doesn’t matter if you don’t understand every word.随后,我认识到听不懂每个词并没有关系。

10.It’s amazing how much this helped. 我惊异于这些方法竟如此有用。

11.My teacher is very impressed. 给老师留下了深刻的印象。

12.She had trouble making complete sentences. 她很难造出完整的句子。

13.What do you think you are doing? 你在做什么?

14.Most people speak English as a second language. 英语对于大多数人来说是第二语言。

15.How do we deal with our problem? 我们怎样处理我们的问题?

16.It is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teachers. 在老师的帮助下尽我们最大的努力来应对挑战是我们的责任。

He can’t walk or even speak.他无法走路,甚至无法说话

Unit 2

一.  知识点

1. used to  过去常常做某事,暗指现在已经不存在的动作或状态. 后跟动词原形.

否定形式为: didn’t use to 或 usedn’t to 疑问形式为: Did…use to…? 或 Used…to…?

be/get used to 习惯于, to 为介词.

2. wear 表示状态.  put on 表示动作.  dress + 人 给某人穿衣服.

3. on the swim team  on 是…的成员,在…供职.

4. Don’t you remember me?  否定疑问句.

  Yes, I do. 不, 我记得.        No, I don’t 是的, 我不记得了.

5. 反意疑问句:

① 陈述部分的主语为 this, that, 疑问部分主语用it; 陈述部分主语用 these, those, 疑问部分用they 做主语.

例: This is a new story, isn’t it?     Those are your parents, aren’t they?

② 陈述部分是 there be 结构, 疑问部分仍用 there

例: There was a man named Paul, wasn’t there?

③ I am 后的疑问句, 用aren’t I

例: I am in Class 2, aren’t I?

④ 陈述部分与含有 not, no, never, few, little, hardly, seldom, neither, none 等词时,疑问部分用肯定.

例: Few people liked this movie, didn’t they?

但陈述句中若带有否定前缀或后缀的单词时, 这个句子仍视为肯定, 后面仍用否定.

例: Your sister is unhappy, isn’t she?

⑤ 陈述部分的主语若为不定式或 V-ing 短语, 疑问部分主语用it.

例: To spend so much money on clothes is unnecessary, isn’t it?

⑥ 陈述句中主语是 nobody, no one, everyone, everybody 等指人的不定代词时,疑问部分用they做主语; 若陈述部分主语是 something, anything, noting, everything 等指事物的不定代词时, 疑问部分用it 做主语.

例: Nobody says one word about the accident, do they?

   Everything seems perfect, doesn’t it?

⑦ 当主语是第一人称I时, 若谓动为think, believe, guess 等词时, 且其后跟宾丛,这时疑问句部分的人称, 时态要与宾语从句保持一致, 同时还要考虑否定转移.

例: I don’t think he can finish the work in time, can he?

⑧ 前面是祈使句, 后用 will you? (let’s 开头时, 后用shall we?)

6. be terrified of 害怕的程度比 be afraid of 深.

7. miss: ① 思念, 想念  例: I really miss the old days. ② 错过, 未中, 未赶上, 未找到.

例: It’s a pity that you miss the bus.

8. no more (用在句中)=not…any more (用在句尾)  指次数;

  no longer (用在句中)=not…any longer (用在句尾)  指时间.

9. right: ① adj. 正确的, 对的, 右边的② n. 右方, 权利③ adv. 直接地.

10. It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. = Yu Mei seems to have changed a lot.

11. afford + n. /pron.  afford + to do 常与can, be able to 连用.

例: Can you afford a new car?

   The film couldn’t afford to pay such large salaries.

12. as well as  连词, 不但…而且…  强调前者. (若引导主语, 谓动与前者在人称和数上一致

例: Living things need air and light as well as water. 生命不仅需要水, 还需要空气和阳光.

13. alone = by oneself 独自一人.    lonely 孤独的, 寂寞的.

14. in the last/past + 一段时间 during the last/past + 一段时间    与现在完成时连用.

15. die (v.)  dead (adj.)  death (n.)  dying (垂死的)

 二.  短语

1. be more interested in 对…更感兴趣.2. on the swim team 游泳队的队员.

3. be terrified of 害怕.4. gym class 体操课.5. worry about. 担心.

6. all the time 一直, 总是7. chat with 与…闲聊8. hardly ever 几乎从不

9. walk to school = go to school on foot

  take the bus to school = go to school by bus

10. as well as 不仅…而且         11. get into trouble 遇到麻烦

12. make a decision 做出决定    13. to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是

14. take pride in 为…感到骄傲    15. pay attention to 留心, 注意

16. consist of 由…组成/构成.   be made up of 由…组成/构成.

17. instead of 代替, 而不是        18. in the end 最后, 终于

19. play the piano 弹钢琴

 三.句子

1.I used to be afraid of the dark. 我以前害怕黑暗.

2.I go to sleep with my bedroom light on. 我开着卧室的灯睡觉.

3.I used to spend a lot of time playing games with my friends.

以前我常常花很多时间和我的朋友们玩游戏.

4.I hardly ever have time for concerts. 我几乎没有时间去听音乐会.

5.My life has changed a lot in the last few years.

6.It will make you stressed out. 那会使你紧张的.

7.It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. 玉梅似乎变化很大.

Unit 3

一.知识点

1.被动语态的谓语动词形式: be的各种时态形式+v-ed

含情态动词的: can/may/must/should  be + v-ed

2.get/have + n./pron. + v-ed  叫/让/请别人做某事(即使谋事被做)

例: I want to get my coat mended. 我要缝衣服.

3.allow sb to do sth  允许某人做…        allow doing sth  允许做…

4.drive : ① 驾车,驾驶.   ② 驱赶,驱使.

例: What drives them to rob the shop? 什么驱使他们去抢商店?

5.stupid  silly  foolish 三个词都有“蠢”的意思.但略有不同.stupid 程度最强,指智力理解力 学习能力差.  silly 指头脑简单,傻头傻脑,使人觉得可笑,带有感情色彩.  foolish 尤其在口语中广泛使用.

例: He is stupid in learning math. 他学习数学很笨.

   Stop asking such silly questions. 别再问这样傻的问题了.

   You are foolish to throw away such a good chance. 你真蠢,丢掉这样一个好机会.

6.He doesn’t seem to have many friends.=It seems that he doesn’t have many friends.

=He seems not to have many friends.

7.倒装句: So + be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语(前为肯定局)  表示与前面所述事实一致.

 Neither/Nor + be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语(前为否定)  表示与前面所述事实一致.

例: He likes oranges. So do we.   He doesn’t like oranges. Neither do we.

Tom can swim. So can John.        Tom can’t swim. Neither can John.

So +主语+ be动词/助动词/情态动词  表示对前面事实的进一步确认.

例: Henry is very tired. So he is.(的确是)

   He surfed Internet for two hours. So he did.(的确是)

   They will win the game. So they will.(他们会的)

8.until 用于肯定句中,前面句子中的谓动必须是延续性的.

9.clean (v.) 打扫,清理   clean up  比较彻底地打扫,清理  clean out  打扫,清理地最彻底.

10.fail a test = fail in a test 考试不及格

11.be strict with+人.         be strict in+事物.

例: The head teacher is strict with his students      He is strict in the work.

12.the other day  前几天,不久前的一天.(用于过去时)

13.concentrate on…  全神贯注做…

例: This company concentrates on China market. 这家公司把重点放在中国市场上.

14.  more…than…①与其说…不如说…; 比…更…

例: The man is more stupid than nervous.与其说那人紧张,倒不如说他愚蠢.

②在这一结构中,more做adj. 修饰名词,表示“比…多”

例:I have more books than you. 我的书比你的多.

15.volunteer ① n. 自愿者. ② v. volunteer to do sth. 自愿做…

例: We all volunteered to help in the old people’s home.我们都志愿到敬老院帮忙.       16.chance 指侥幸的,偶尔的机会,还可表示“可能性”

opportunity 指有利的时机,良机.   二者有时可以互换.

Have an opportunity to do sth 有做…的机会.

Don’t be too frustrated. You’ll have another opportunity to go to college next year.  别太沮丧了,你还有上大学的机会.

17.  experience : ①可数名词 “经历,体验”   例: Please tell us something about your experiences.②不可数名词 “经验”       例: He is a man of rich experience.

③动词“经历”        例: She experienced lots of suffering.

18.  off 不工作,不上班,不上学,不值班.

例: I think I’ll take the afternoon off. 我想下午歇班.

   She is off today. 她今天休息.

   I have three days off next week. 下周我有三天假.

19.  reply 与 answer 两者有时可通用. reply比answer正式,一般指经过思考的.有针对性的,详细的回答,往往与to连用.answer是一般用语,可直接带宾语.

另外answer还有“应答”之意.如answer the door/telephone

20.  get in the way (of)... 妨碍...

例: He never gets in others’ way. 他从不妨碍别人.

   The bikes over there will get in the way of others. 自行车放在那里会妨碍别人的.

21. success (n.)   successful (adj.)   succeed (v.)

22. do  does  did 用在另一个动词前表示强调.

    例: He does speak well. 他真的讲的很好.     Do be quiet. 务必安静.

23. in the end = finally = at last 最后.

24. importance (n.)              important (adj.)

25. be serious about  对…热忠/极感兴趣.

      例: I’m serious about the problem.

         To tell you the truth, I’m not serious about math at all.

26. only 处于句首,并后跟状语时,全句需要倒装.

例: Only then did he understand it. 只有到那时,他才明白.

    Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有这样我们才能把英语学好.

    Only when she came home, did he learn the news. 当她到家时,他才得知了这消息.

27. care about  关心,在乎,在意.

   例: No one cares about others nowadays. 现在没人关心别人.

     I don’t care about what he does. 我并不在意他干什么.

28. clothes  统指身上穿的各种服装,包括上衣,裤子,内衣等,做主语,谓语动词按复数处理.

  clothing 不可数名词,是服装的总称,包括各种衣服,帽子,鞋袜等.做主语谓动按单三处理.       cloth  布料.

二.短语

1. be allowed to do sth 被允许干…   allow sb to do sth 允许某人干…

  allow doing sth 允许干…

2. sixteen-year-olds = sixteen-year-old boys and girls 16岁的孩子

3. part-time jobs 兼职工作             4. a driver’s license 驾照

5. on weekends 在周末                 6. at that age 在那个年龄段

7. on school nights 在上学期间的每个晚上      8. stay up 熬夜

9. clean up (相当与及物动词) 清扫      10. fail (in) a test 考试不及格

11. take the test 参加考试              12. the other day 前几天

13. all my classmates 我所有的同学     14. concentrate on 全神贯注于

15. be good for 对…有益               16. in groups 成群的,按组的

17. get noisy 吵闹(系表结构)            18. learn from 向某人学习

19. at present 目前,现在      20. have an opportunity to do sth 有做…的机会 

21.English-English dictionary 英英词典     22. at least 至少                    

23.eight hours’ sleep a night 每晚8小时的睡眠

24. an old people’s home 敬老院    25. take time to do sth 花费时间干…

26. primary schools 小学        27. have…off 放假,休息

28. reply to 回答,答复            29. get in the way of 妨碍

30. a professional athlete 职业运动员  31. achieve one’s dreams 实现梦想

32. think about 思考,考虑          33. in the end 最后,终于

34. be serious about 对…热忠/极感兴趣

35. spend…on + n.   spend …(in) + v-ing 在…上花费时间/金钱

36. care about 关心,担心,在乎       37. agree with 同意…

三.句子

1. I don’t think twelve-year-olds should be allowed to get their ears pierced.

我认为不应该允许12岁的孩子穿耳孔.

2.They talk instead of doing homework. 他们聊天而不是做作业.

3.He is allowed to stay up until 11:00 pm. 允许他们熬到晚上11点.

4.We should be allowed to take time to do things like that more often.

我们应该被允许更加经常的花些时间多做这类事情.

5.What school rules do you think should be changed?

你认为学校的哪些制度应该改一改了?

6.The two pairs of jeans both look good on me. 这两条牛仔裤穿在我身上都适合.

7.The classroom is a real mess. 教室太脏了.

8.Should I be allowed to make my own decisions?

9.Only then will I have a chance of achieving my dream. 只有这样我才能实现我的梦想.

10.They should be allowed to practice their hobbies as much as they want.

应该允许他们对业余爱好想练多长时间就练多长时间.

11.We have nothing against running. 我们没有理由反对他跑步.

 

Unit 4

一、知识点

1、①give sb sth=give sth to sb

类似的词还有:pass、lend、show、write、send等

②buy sb sth=buy sth for sb

类似的词还有:make、draw、cook等

2、hundred 、thousand、mi11ion与数字连用不能用复数。

hundreds of、thousands of、mi11ions of中必须用复数。

3、look for寻找find找到、发现

find out指经过观察、探索、调查等弄清楚、弄明白。

discover 指发现那些客观存在而不为人所知的实情。如科学上的重大发现。

4、bring 带来 take 带走  fetch 去并拿来

5、talk to/with sb 同××说话。

tell 告诉, 分辨,辨别。

speak to sb 同××说话,做及物动词,后跟语言。

say 后跟名词、代词及宾语从句做宾语,着重强调说话内容。

6、What if ……  如果……将会怎么样?(引导条件状语从句、疑问句)

eg  What if she doesn’t come?  她要是不来怎么办?

    What if your parent don’t agree? 如果你的父母不同意怎么办?

What if you should fall sick? 如果你生病了怎么办?

7、before  引导一个句子,为连词。后跟短语或名词等,则为介词。

8、food 表示食品种类,一种食物时,为可数名词

 

eg  fried foods 油炸食品  break foods 早餐食品 frozen foods 冷冻食品

9、复数名词可表示一类食品(如 dogs)

  a/an+单数可数名词可表示一类(如 a dog)

10、confident(adj.)   confidence(n.) 

11、What does/do ×× look like?  问相貌。

What’s ×× like? 问“品质性格”。

12、 give a speech 做演讲  have a speech听演讲  give a report 做报告

have a report 听报告

13、permission (n.) 允许,许可        permit (v.) 允许

14、plenty of 充足的,相当多的。修饰可数或不可数名词,只能用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中用 enough.

15、not……in the slightest=not……at all 根本不

16、company ①公司 ②一群人,一伙人 ③ 陪伴

17、get along (with)=get on (with)

 ①进行,进展

eg The business is getting along very well. 生意进展的很顺利。

   How are you getting along with your English study? 你的英语学习进展的怎么样了?

②相处

 eg Do you get along with your boss?= Do you and your boss get along? 你跟老板合得来吗?

I’m getting along very well with my classmates. 我和同学们相处得很好。

18、would rather … than … (= would … rather than)宁愿,而不愿。

前后连接两个动词原形,否定形式为:would rather not do sth

①would rather … than … = prefer … to …

但prefer … to … 若连接两个动词,动词应为v-ing 形式。

eg He would rather jog than play football.=He prefers jogging to playing football.

②would rather 常单独使用,表示“宁愿做…”

eg He would rather watch TV at home.

③rather than = instead of 而不是

连接两个并列成分,前后对称。

 

eg I’d prefer to go to in summer rather than in winter.

  I decided to write rather than telephone.

  I like going out with you rather than with him.

  She enjoys listening rather than speaking.

19、today、here、there、downstairs、upstairs、above、below做宾语修饰名词,放在名词之后

eg  the weather today今天的天气 people here这里的人们the man downstairs楼下的那个男的

   the passage below 下面的这段话

20、a little = a bit 修饰形容词、副词 a little = a bit of 修饰不可数名词

21、There is an English speech contest next month

用一般现在时表示将来,表示计划或安排好的动作,或者日历、时刻表的规定内容。

22、the rest 其余的,可指代可数或不可数名词。The other(s) 只能指代可数名词

23、come up with 提出或提出(答案、方法)等。类似于think of.

eg How would you come up with this idea? 你怎样想出这个注意的?

My brother is a person who often comes up with good idea.我弟弟是个常常能想出好点子的人

24、offer 提供    offer sb sth  给××……   offer to sb sth 主动提出干……

二、短语

1、give it to charity 把它捐给慈善机构    2、medical research 医学研究

3、What if …… 如果…怎么样?            4、get nervous 紧张

5、take a big exam 参加大考               6、help with 有助于

7、in public 在公共场合                   8、hardly ever 几乎不

9、the whole school 全校               10、without permission 为经许可

11、be(make) friends with 与…交朋友  12、ask one’s permission 请求××的允许

13、introduce…to… 把…介绍给…       14、invite…to do… 邀请…干…

15、social situations 社会环境      16、not… in the slightest 根本不,一点也不         17、right away 立刻,马上               18、all day 全天

19、be friendly to 对…友好         20、at lunch time 在午饭时间

21、a bit shy 有点害羞          22、English speech contest 英语演讲比赛

23、represent the class 代表班级        24、come top 名列第一(前茅)

 

25、let … down 使…失望            26、come up with 提出、想出

27、be sure of + n./pron.         28、the rest of the students 其余的学生

    be sure to do  相信…     29、have a lot of experience (in) doing sth

be sure +that 从句             在做某事方面有经验

30、deal with 对付,处理                 31、come out 出版

32、give advice on… 在…方面提出意见、建议   33、by accident 偶然地,无意之中

34、hurry to do sth 匆匆忙忙干…       35、an internet friend 网友

三、句子

1、He doesn’t know if he should bring a present. 他不知道是否该带礼物。

2、You shouldn’t worry about what other people say.你不应该考虑别人说什么。

3、What will you do if you had a million dollars? 如果你有一百万美元,你会干什么?

4、If I were you, I ‘d take a small present.如果我是你,我会带一个小礼物。

5、I’m too tired to do well.我太累了,没考好。

6、Dogs can be a lot of trouble.狗会带来很多麻烦。

7、What are you like? 你是什么样的人?

8、I’d invite him/her to have dinner at my house.我会邀请他(她)到我家吃饭。9、You enjoy the company of other people.你喜欢别人的陪伴。

10、I feel nervous talking in front of many people.我在众人面前讲话时感到紧张。11、She always comes top in the school exams.她在学校的考试中总是名列前茅。

12、She doesn’t want to let her friends down.她不愿让朋友失望。

13、If I were you, I’ll get out of here.如果我是你,我会离开这里。

                               虚拟语气

一、词的语气

指我们平常说的说话人说话的口气。(在英语中,语气除了指语调以外,最主要的是通过动词发生变化而表示不同语气)

英语中的语气分为三类:

陈述语气(用于陈述句、疑问句、感叹句)

祈使语气(用于祈使句)

  虚拟语气(用于条件状语从句、宾语从句等)

二、虚拟语气

如果所说的不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想,就用虚拟语气。

三、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法

1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句

eg If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus.( 真实条件状语)

If he was free, he asked me to tell stories.(真实条件状语)

If I were you, I would go at once.(非真实条件状语从句)

If there was no air, people would die.(非真实条件状语从句)

2、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法及动词形式

①    表示与现在事实相反的情况

(条件)从句谓语动词形式

主句谓语动词形式

谓语动词用过去式(be用were)

should/would/could/might+动词原形

eg:If I were you, I’d take an umbrella.如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你)

If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.

如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道)

If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水)

   If I had any money with me, I could lend you some.

如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没带钱)

  If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他在努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:学习不用功)

     ②表示与过去事实相反的情况

从句谓语动词形式

主句谓语动词形式

Had+过去分词

Should/would/could/might+have+过去分词

eg  If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her.

如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了)

   If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.

 

如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话)

  ③表示对将来情况的主观推测(可能相反或可能性很小)

从句

例句

主句

          ① were

If+主语   ② did

③were to do 

(①通常与一个表示时间状语连用)其 中were to do可能性最小,

should+动词原形。

If it rained tomorrow our picnic

would be put off.

万一那天下雨,我们的郊游

就推迟。

 

 

should/would do might

主句  /could

 

 

eg: If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.

  如果他哪天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小)

  If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.

 如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了,(事实:不知能否下雪)

If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.

如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事得始末。

四、虚拟语气的其他用法

1、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句

a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式

eg: I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你)

b、表示过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:had+v-ed

eg: I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。(事实:原来不知道)

c、表示将来难以实现的愿望

谓语动词:should/would + 动词原形

eg: I wish I should have a chance again.很难再有这样的机会了。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)

②虚拟语气用在suggest(建议)、insist(坚持)、demand(要求)、order(命令)等动词后的宾语从句中。

在这种用法中,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:“should + 动

词原形”或只用“动词原形”。

如 He suggested

   He insisted

   He demand        that we (should) take the teacher’s advice

   He ordered

Unit 5

一、知识点:

1、情态动词表示推测:

(1)must常用于肯定句中,意为“准是、一定”,它表达的肯定程度最大,可以达到100%。

(2)could、might、may的意思是“可能、也许”,表示推测,它们所表达的肯定程度较低,这三个词相比may的可能性稍大一些;他们的肯定程度在20%至80%。

(3)can’t的意思之“不可能”,它相应的肯定形式是must;它的可能性为0% 。

(4)must、could、might和can’t的后面可用一般现在时、现在进行时,表示对现在的动作、状态或正在进行的动作的推测。

例:He might/could be playing basketball now.他现在可能正在打篮球。

I’m sure that she can’t stay at home.我确信她不在家。

He must be walking in the garden.他肯定在花园里散步。

2、 author与writer:

author单纯制作者或作品;writer的意思较多,有“作者、抄写员”等。

3、drop:(1) vt.(及物动词)意思是(有意或无意)让掉下来、投下;放弃、不再干。

例:She dropped the teapot.

He dropped it into the mail-box.

I want to drop math.

(2)vi.(不及物动词)意思是掉下、落下;下降、降低(可与fall互换),

例:The man dropped from the top of the building.

The temperature has suddenly dropped.

Prices dropped.

(3)  n.(可数)滴、点滴,    a few drops of rain几滴雨

4、exam:用在正式场合,指入学考试,期中、期末考试,正式等级考试。

 

  test:意思是测验、考查、小考,指非正式的阶段性的测试。

   quiz:测验、口试、笔试,只简单的临时性的考试。

5、too much太多       much too实在太

6、garbage、rubbish、junk和waste:

(1)garbage废料、垃圾;(厨房倒弃的)剩饭、剩菜。

(2)rubbish=trash垃圾,普通用语,指各种垃圾,英国人常用rubbish,美国人常用trash.

(3)junk破烂物,指废铁、破布等,现在用来指使人发胖的食物。

  (4)waste废物,指工厂排出的废水、废气或家庭垃圾等。

7、any用在否定句、疑问句、条件句中。        some用在陈述肯定句中。

8、have no idea不知道                     have some/any idea知道。

9、at可表示“再某场合”如:at the meeting/party

10、hope to do sth;hope that从句。  wish to do sth;wish sb to do sth;wish that从句。11、because引导原因状语从句    because of跟名词或一个短语。

12、however与but:

(1)从语义上看,but所表示的是很明显的对比、转折。

(2)从语法上看,but是并列连词,however是个副词。

(3)从语序上看,but总位于所引导的句首,however可放在句首、句中、句尾。

(4)从标点上看,but之后没有逗号,however之前、之后短语用逗号隔开。

13、本课出现的两例含有宾语从句的特殊句子:

(1)What do you think “anxious” means?

(2)Why do you think the man is running?

又如:

(1)    Where do you guess he lives?

(2)    What do you think he is doing now?

14、happen指偶然的发生;

take place用于计划好的事情或自然的发生;

break out(指战争、灾难、疾病等)爆发。

15、neighborhood:  (1)临近、附近        (2)街坊、小区、地区

16、raise [reiz] vt.及物动词 举起、提高 Rise [raIz] vi.(不及物动词)上升

二、短语:

1、be long to属于                                   11、wear a suit穿西装

 

2、listen to classical music听古典音乐    12、make a movie拍电影

3、at school上学、求学、在学校        13、in our neighborhood在我们附近、在我们小区

4、go to the concert去听音乐会          14、have fun玩耍、取闹

5、have any/some idea知道 have no idea不知道15、his or her own idea她(他)自己的看法

6、a math test on algebra有关代数的数学考试   16、late night深夜

7、the final exam期末考试            17、an ocean of许许多多、无穷无尽的

8、because of因为                   18、be care of=look out当心、小心

9、a present for his mother送给她妈妈的礼物 19、pretend to do sth假装干…

10、run for exercise跑步锻炼           20、use up用完、用光

三、句子:

1、If you have any idea where might be please call me.如果你知道它可能在哪,请打电话给我。

2、It’s crucial that I study for it because it counts 30%to the final exam.

关键是我必须学,因为它占期末考试的30%。

3、What do you think “anxious” means?你认为“anxious”是什么意思?

4、He could be running for exercise.他可能是跑步锻炼身体。

5、He might be running to catch a bus.他可能是在跑着赶公共汽车。

6、Why do you think the man is running?你觉得那个男的为什么跑?

7、No more mystery in Bell Tower neighborhood.钟塔附近不再有神秘的事了。

8、One finger can’t left a small stone.独木难支。

9、When an ant says“ocean”,he is talking about a small pool.井底之蛙。

10、It is less of a problem to be poor than to be dishonest.宁穷勿贱。

11、Be careful of the person who does not talk, and the dog that does not bark.

明抢易挡,暗箭难防。

12、You can’t wake a person who is pretending to be asleep.真人不露相。

13、Tell me and I’ll forget. Show me, and I may not remember. Let me try, and I’ll understand.有亲身体验才能明白其中的道理。

14、Don’t let yesterday use up too much of today.过去的就让它过去吧。

15、He who would do great things should not attempt them all along.

一个好汉三个帮。

 

Unit 6

一、 知识点

1.prefer  v.更喜爱,更喜欢,相当于like……better,其过去式、过去分词为preferred,常用于以下结构:                         

(1)prefer+名词、代词I preferred music.  Which do you prefer?

(2)prefer+动词不定式“宁愿干……”She prefers to live among the working people.

(3) prefer+v-ing    I prefer living abroad.

(4)prefer+动词不定式复合结构:

常见的搭配有:

①   prefer……to……喜欢……而不喜欢……(to为介词)

She prefers apples to bananas.

②   prefer doing to doing(to为介词)

He prefers running to walking.

③   prefer to do …… rather than do sth.宁愿干……而不愿干……

They prefer to play games rather than watch TV.

2.gentle:①轻柔,温和(往往指音乐、嗓音或风)

②温柔的,文雅的(往往指人的性格)

3.remind……of……使某人回想起或意识到某人、某事

She reminded me of her sister.

The pictures remind me of my school days.

4.表示“也”的用法:

also 用在句中,too 用在句末,as well 多用于口语,用在句末,这三个表达都用在肯定句。either “也” 用在否定句尾

5. What do you think of …?

=How do you like…?

6.as 的用法:

①用作连词“按照”

Please do it again as I told you.

②连词,当……的时候,着重强调两个动词同时发生

She sang as she worked.

③   表示原因,“因为,由于”比较口语化,语气也较弱,所表示的原因比较明显。

As I didn’t know the way, I asked the policeman.

④as…as…  和……一样

7.over the years多年来   ,往往与现在完成时连用

8.though 不做副词“可是,不过,然而”放在句尾

9. be sure of +n. / pron. /短语                 

be sure that 从句                 }相信,对……有把握            

be sure to do 务必……一定……

make sure 确保,核实,查收,弄清楚

10.one of the+最高级+复数名词,最……之一

11.过去分词作定语,表示被动或完成

12. on display=on show

13.interest:①n.兴趣,趣味;②v.使感兴趣

He interested me in football.他使我对足球感兴趣。

I’ve got a lot of books that might interest you.我有许多可能使你感兴趣的书。

14.class  等级,级别,阶级

15. whatever=no matter what

16.suggest:①建议,后跟宾语从句,用虚拟语气;

②表示,暗示,后跟宾语从句,不用虚拟语气。

17. energy (n.)=energetic (adj.)

18.honest 该词是元音发音开头,前面的不定冠词用“an”.

19.先行词若为地点或时间时,后面的关系词用关系代词还是关系副词,要看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。若关系词作定语从句的主语、宾语或定语,用关系代词;若关系词作状语,则用关系副词。

二.短语

1.expect to do sth.期望干……

expect sb. to do sth期望某人干……     2.catch up with追上,赶上

3.different kinds of music各种不同的音乐

4.quiet and gentle songs轻柔的歌曲    5. take…to…  带……到……

6. remind…of…使某人想起或意识到……  7.her own songs她自己的歌曲

8.be important to对……重要          9.Yellow River黄河

10.Hong Tao’s latest movie洪涛最近的电影   11.over the years多年来

12.be sure to do sth.务必干……一定干……

13.one of the best known Chinese photographers世界上最有名的中国摄影家之一

 

14.on display展览,展出        15.come and go来来往往

16.can’t stand不能忍受        17.look for寻找

18.feel sick感到恶心,不舒服   19.have a great time玩得高兴,过得愉快

20.to be honest说实话             21.be lucky to do幸运的是……

22.my six-month English course我6个月的英语课

23.most of my friends我的大部分朋友  24.go for去找某人,想法得到某事物

25.stay healthy保持健康        26.French fries薯条

27.stay away from与……保持距离 

28.be in agreement意见一致(后跟短语、句子)

29.barbecued meat烤肉        30.a tag question反意疑问句

31.be bad for对……有害

三.句子

1.I love singers who write their own music.我喜欢自己创作曲子的歌手。

2.We prefer music that has great lyrics.我们更喜欢歌词很棒的曲子。

3.What do you dislike about this CD.你不喜欢这张CD的什么?

4.What does it remind you of?它使你想起了什么?

5.The music reminds me of Brazilian dance music.这首曲子使我想起了巴西舞曲。

6.It does have a few good features, though.然而,它的确也有一些好的方面。

7.She really has something for everyone.每个人的确都能从她的作品中领悟到一些东西。

8.Whatever you do, don’t miss this exhibition.无论怎样,你都不能错过这次展出。

9.As the name suggests, the band has a lot of energy.正如乐队名字所暗示的那样,这支乐队很有活力。

10. Some people say they are boring, but others say they are great.

11.If I were you, I’d eat nuts instead.如果我是你,我会改吃坚果。

 

Unit7

一、知识点:

1.Would like    sth           想要某东西

to do sth   想要干…

sb to do sth    想要××干

2.through  穿过    含有“in”的意思 across   横过   含有“on”的意思

3、expect     to do sth /  sb to do sth / that  从句(不用虚拟语气)

   Wish      to do sth /  sb to do sth  /  that  从句(用虚拟语气)      

   Hope       to do / that 从句(不用虚拟语气)

              (没有hope sb to do sth结构)

4. light     a.可数名词,灯    b. 不可数名词,光线、日光

              c.形容词,轻的,明亮的,浅色的

d.及物动词 点燃 照亮 (过去式,过去分词lit,lit 或lighted ,lighted)

5.Some day=someday 只指将来某一天

one day 既可指将来某一天,也可指过去某一天。

6.Plan 计划打算(1) plan to do sth

We are planning to visit London this summer  /Do plan to stay late?

(2) 跟名词或者代词    Have you planned your trip?

We have been planning this visit for months.

(3) plan for 为…做计划He planned for a picnic if the next day were fine.

(4) plan on 打算有(做某事)She had not planned on so many guests.

They are planning on an/for an outing.

7.I’d like to go somewhere relaxing.

Somewhere 在本句中有双重性,对go 来说是副词,对relaxing 来说是不定代词。

8.Consider 考虑,认为

后面只跟动词,动词用“ing”形式

9.else 用在特殊疑问词及不定代词的后面,other 用在名词前,两者都是“别的,其他的”的意思

10.in 在范围之内的某方位。to范围之外的某方位。on在两地边界接壤的某方位。

11.mind介意      mind doing sth; mind one’s doing sth.

12.any用在肯定句中,“任一”

13.so that引的状语从句,“以便,为了”,从句往往有can/may/will/could/might/would等情态动词。

So …that…如此…以至于that …引导结果状语从句。

14.Continue to do sth 继续干另外一件事。

Continue doing sth 继续干同一件事

15.在英语中,有although 不能有but;有because 不能有so

 

16.强调句型:It is(was)…that (who ,whom)…

(1) 强调句型可用来强调各种句子成分

(2) 强调句中的连词who,whom只用来指代人,that 即可以指代人也可以指代物被强调部分是时间,地点等仍用that

(3)that,whom, who 后的句中的谓语与原句保持一致

(4)强调句中只有it is ,it was 两种时态形式,

如:I am right ------It is I who(that) am right.

又如:They will have a meeting tomorrow.

It is they who(that) will have a meeting tomorrow.

It′s a meeting that they will have tomorrow.

It′s tomorrow that they will have a meeting.

短语

1.go on vacation 去度假     2.trek through the jungle 徒步穿越丛林

3.some day 有朝一日    4.one of the liveliest cities 最有活力的城市之一

5.be supposed to do sth. 应该干。  6.pack light clothes 穿薄衣服

7.take a trip 去旅行

8.provide sb with sth = provide sth for sb  为了某人提供某物

9.be away 离开,远离    10.the answer to the question 问题的答案

11.according to 根据。按照。  12.work as tour guides 做导游的工作

13.dream of 梦想,想到     14.less realistic dreams 不现实的梦想

15.be willing to do sth. 愿意干。16.achieve one’s dreams 实现梦想

17.sail across the pacific 横渡太平洋18.hold on to 保持,不要放弃(卖掉)

19.take it easy 从容 轻松 不紧张   20.Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布

21.Eiffel Tower 艾菲尔铁塔    22.Notre Dame Cathedral 巴黎圣母院

23.this time of year 一年中的这个时候

24.in general 通常 ,大体上, 一般而言

三  句子

1.where would you like to go on vacation?

I’d like to trek through the jungle.

2.l like places where the weather is always warm.

3.I like to go somewhere relaxing 我喜欢去休闲的地方

4.For your next vacation, why not consider visiting Paris?

 

你下次度假为什么不考虑去巴黎?

5.Traveling around Paris by taxi can cost a lot of money.

乘坐出租车游览巴黎要花费很多钱

6.So unless you speak French yourself, it’s best to travel with someone who can translate things for you.

因此,除非你自己会讲法语,否则最好与一个能为你翻译的人一起去。

7. We’d like to be away for three weeks.

我们大约要去三个星期.

8.The person has a lot of money to spend on the vacation.

度假中这个人有很多钱可以花.

9.I hope you can provide me with some information about the kinds of vacations that your firm can offer

我希望能给我提供一些贵公司能经营的旅游项目的信息.

10.Could you please give me some suggestions for vacation spots?

你能给我一些有关度假地的建议吗?

11.You need to pack some warm clothes if you go there.

你如果去那里,需要带一些暖和的衣服。

12.I’d love to sail across the Pacific.

我想横渡太平洋。

Unit 8

一.知识点

1.     动词+副词构成的短语,代词做宾语只能放在中间,名词做宾语可中可后。

如: clean up ; give out ; cheer up ; put up ; write down ; hand out ; call up ; set up ; fix up ; give away ; work out

2     could 表示建议,比can婉转。

3    put off +v-ing

4    put up 举起,悬挂,张贴。

5     Not only … but also … 不仅…而且… 强调后者

   此结构用来连接主语时,谓语动词按照就近原则,在人称与数上与but also后的名词、代词保持一致。

例:Not also ZhouXia, but also her parents are fond of watching football matches.

  

 

此结构可用来连接两个句子,当not only连接的句子位于句首时,该句要部分倒装。

例:Not only does Miss Li like music,but also she likes sports.李小姐不但喜欢音乐,还喜欢体育

 Not only did he come,but also he was very happy.他不但来了,而且还很高兴。

 6.coach ①名词 长途公共汽车、四轮大马车,(运动员的)教练,私人教师。

          ②动词 辅导,训练

 7.major    ① adj. 重要的,主要的  ② n. 专业,专业学生

He is a history major. = He chose history as his major.他是主修历史的学生

   vi. 主修,专攻。  He majors in physics. 他主修物理学。

 8.volunteer    ①可数名词 “志愿者”   ②adj. 自愿的

  vi. volunteer to do sth

They are the Chinese People’s Volunteers. 他们是中国人民志愿军。

I volunteer to help you. 我自愿帮助你。

9.no longer = not … any longer  指时间上不再延续。

    no more = not … any more  指动作上不再延续。

10.run out 与 run out of

   ①run out (become used up). 其主语往往为物。如时间,食物,金钱,油等,本

身就含有被动意义。

   His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花光了。

   My patience has completely run out. 我没有一点耐心了。

    Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。

 ②run out of 主语为人,表示主动含义。

   He is always running out of money before pay day. 他总是在发工资的日子还没有到就把钱花完了。

   两者在一定条件下可以互换

  如:The petrol is running out. 汽油快用完了

= We are running out of petrol. 我们快把汽油用完了。

        Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。

       = We are running out of time

 11.work out  v. + adj.

     ①结局,结果为

     The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 他提出的这个策略

 

效果很好。

     ②算出,制订出,消耗完(精力等)

     He never seems to be worked out. 他好像永远不会疲乏似的。

     He worked out a plan. 他制订了一个计划。

     I have worked out our total expenses. 我已经算出了我们总的费用。

 12.homeless 无家可归的

13.donate v. donation n.  捐赠

 二.短语

1.clean up 清扫                     2.give out 分发,发放

3.cheer up=make…happier 使...高兴,使...振作

4.after school study program 课外学习班

5.come up with=think up 提出,想出     6.put off 推迟

7.write down 写下,记下          8.put up 张贴

9.hand out 分发,发放          10.call up 打电话

11.ser up=establish 建立       12.be home to sb 是某人的家园

13.volunteer one’s time to do sth 自愿花时间干...

14.put…to use… 把...投入使用         15.elementary school 小学

16.plan to do sth 计划干...打算干

17.coach a football team for kids 训练少年足球队

18.start a Chinese History club 开办一个中国史俱乐部

19.run out of 用完,耗尽    20.take after 在性格或长相方面与父母相象

21.fix up 修理    22.give away 捐赠    23.be similar to 与...相似

24.ask for 索要     25.a call-in center for parents 家长热线

26.hang out 闲荡

27.put up signs asking for singing jobs 张贴寻求唱歌工作的广告

28.run out of money for singing lessons 学唱歌的钱用完了

29.disabled people 残疾人        30.for sure 确实如此,毫无疑问

31.fill…with... 用...填充...   be full of 装满了...

32.help...out 帮助...做事,解决难题(摆脱困境)

33.a specially trained dog 一只经过特殊训练的狗

 

34.train sb to do sth 训练某人干...    35.fetch my book 把我的书拿来

36.part of speech 词性

三.句子

1.We can’t put off making a plan. Clean-up Day is only two weeks from now. 我们不能推迟制订计划,清洁日离现在只有两周了。

2.She puts this love to good use by working in the after-school care centre at her local elementary school. 她在当地的一所小学的课后辅导中心工作,使这个爱好得到较好的利用

3.Not only do I feel good about helping other people, but I get to spend time doing what I love to do. 帮助别人不但自己感到快乐,而且我开始花时间做自己喜欢做的事了。

4.The three students plan to set up a student volunteer project at heir school. 这三个学生计划在他们校开展一个学生志愿者项目。

5.He also put up some sign asking for old bikes. 他还贴了一些需求旧自行车的广告。

6.The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 几米想出的这个办法很有效。

7.He did a radio interview. 他接受了电台的采访。

8.We need to come up with a plan. 我们需要指定一个计划。

9.You could help clean up the city parks. 你可以帮助打扫城市公园。

10.He now has sixteen bikes to fix up and give away to children who don’t have bikes. 他现在有16辆要修理的自行车,并准备把这些修好的自行车赠送给那些没有自行车的孩子。

Unit 9 必背内容

重点词组
 
1. be used for 用来做……
2. be invented by 由(某人)发明
3. light bulb 电灯泡
4. microwave oven 微波炉
5. by mistake 错误地
6. in the end 最终;最后
7. salty enough 足够咸
8. by accident 偶然;意外
9. not…until… 直到……才……
10. according to 根据;按照
11. fall into 落入;陷入
12. in this way 这样
13. flying disk 飞碟
14. knock into 撞上(某人)
15. fall down 倒下;摔倒
16. divide…into… 把……分成……
 

重点句型    
1. Who was the telephone invented by?  It was invented by Bell.
电话是谁发明的?   电话是贝尔发明的。

2. When were electric slippers invented?  They were invented last year.
电拖鞋是什么时候被发明的?  它们是去年被发明的。

3. What are they used for?  
它们是用来做什么的?  
4. They are used for seeing in the dark.
它们是用来在黑暗中看东西的。
5. Tea wasn’t brought to the Western world until 1610.
直到1610年茶才被带到西方世界。 
6. I prefer lemons to oranges. I like the sour taste.
  我喜欢柠檬胜过橙子。我喜欢酸味。

Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left

重点词组(Key phrases)

1.by the time 到…时候为止

2.get outside 到外边

3.get to school 到学校

4.get up 起床

5.get into the shower 去洗澡

6.get home 到家

7.start doing / to do sth 开始做某事

8.be late for 迟到

9.go off (闹钟)闹响

10.wake up 醒来

11.come out 出来,出现

12.run off 迅速离开,跑掉

13.on time 准时

14.in time 及时

15.come by (走)过来

16.give sb a ride 让某人搭车

17.break down 损坏,坏掉

18.show up 出席,露面

19.stay up 熬夜

20.a costume party 一个化装舞会

21.sth happen to sb 某事发生在某人身上

22.so …that … 如此…以至于

23.set off 出发,开始

24.April Fool's Day 愚人节

25.get married 结婚

26.marry sb 与某人结婚

27.both …and … 二者…都…

28.get dressed 穿好衣服

29.on the first day 在第一天

语法重点(Grammar Focus)

1.Past perfect Tense 过去完成时

构成:had+过去分词(had没有人称和数的变化)

过去完成时可以表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或呈现的状态。也就是说发生在“过去的过去”。既然过去完成时的动作发生在过去某一时间之前,那么,使用过去完成时就必须先有这样一个过去的时间。

eg.I had finished my homework before supper.

    我在晚饭前把作业做完了。

2.when 和by the time引导的时间状语从句

by the time 到……时候为止,指从过去某一点到,从句所示的时间为止,这一时间段。when当……时候,指过去的某一时间点。从句用一般现在时,主句为过去完成时。

 

eg.By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.

    到她起床的时候,她的弟弟已经去洗澡间了。

When she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home

    当她到学校的时候,她意识到她把书包放在家里了。

   (在这句话中,过去的时间点为“到校”的时候,“她把书包放在家里”则发生在“过去的过去”。)

疑难解析(Key Points)

1.get to 意为“到达”。例如:

When did you get there last night?

你昨晚什么时候到那儿的?

I get home at 7:00 every day.

我每天7:00到家。

When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.

我到电影院时,电影已经开始了。

辨析:get, arrive与reach

这三个词都可以用来表示“到达”,但是用法不同。

(1)get和arrive都是不及物动词,其后只能跟表示地点的副词,若是跟名词则须再加介词,即get to +地点名词,arrive in / at +地点名词(in 之后跟表示大地方的词,at之后跟表示小地方的词)。若是只说“到达”,而不指出到达哪里,则只能用arrive。例如:

How did you get / arrive there?

你怎么到那儿的?

I got to / arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday.

我前天到的北京。

When do you often get to / arrive at school?

你经常什么时候到校?

When will you arrive?

你什么时候到?

(2)reach为及物动词,其后既可跟名词也可跟副词。例如:

I reached Beijing the day before yesterday.

我前天到的北京。

We reached here on foot.

我们步行到这儿的。

 

2.关于get的词组小结

在本单元出现大量关于get的词组,要注意背诵:

get to school 到学校

get into the shower 去洗澡

get outside 到外边

get home 到家

get up 起床

get married 结婚

get dressed 穿好衣服

get to class 到班级

get bored 变得无聊

get tired 变得疲劳

 

3.I've never been late for school, but yesterday I came very close

我上学从未迟到过,但是昨天差一点儿就迟到了。

(1)I've 是I have的缩写,have been late是现在完成时态,现在完成时是指一个动作或状态开始于过去,持续到现在,并可能继续下去,而且对现在产生了一定的影响,其构成是have / has+动词过去分词。例如:

I have been here since 1999.

自1999年以来我就在这儿。

We have lived in Jinan for 20 years.

我们已经在济南住了20年了。

She hasn't worked for 2 years.

她已2年不工作了。

(2)be late for 意为“……迟到”,for为介词,所以其后须跟名词。例如:

Don't be late for the meeting.

开会别迟到了。

Jim was late for school again.

吉姆上学又迟到了。

Tom has been late for classes twice.

汤姆上课已经迟到两次了。

(3)close在此为副词“接近地,靠近地”。此外came very close意为“到时与迟到很接近”。

 

4.My alarm clock didn't go off, … 闹钟没有大响……

go off 意为“爆发,大响”。例如:

Although the alarm clock went off, he didn't wake up.虽然闹钟大响,但是他还是没有醒来。

与go有关的词组还有:

(1)go in for“参加”(竞赛、考试);(作为嗜好、工作)“爱好”。例如:

She goes in for bird-watching.她爱好赏鸟。

(2)go on“进行,继续”。例如:

Please go on.请继续。

(3)go on doing sth 或go on with sth“继续做……”。例如:

He went on working without having a rest.

他一直工作,没停下来休息过。

(4)go over“调查,视察;越过”。例如:

You must go over your lessons before the exam.

考试前你必须复习。

 

5.…and I had to wait for him to come out.……我不得不等他出来。

(1)have to 意为“必须,不得不”。例如:

Do you have to take the test?

你必须考试吗?

Tom has to practice speaking Chinese every day.

汤姆每天必须练习讲汉语。

辨析:have to 与must

这两个词都可以表示“必须”。have to 更加强调客观原因,而must则强调主观原因;含有have to 的句子在作句型转换时须借助于助动词do,does或did,而must本身是情态动词,进行句型转换时可以直接通过must改变。例如:

It is raining, we have to stay at home.

天在下雨,我们不得不待在家里。

We must work hard.

我们必须努力工作。

Lucy doesn't have to stand.

露茜不必站着。

You mustn't play in the street.

你不能在街道上玩。

(2)wait 是不及物动词“等待,等候”的意思。可以用于词组wait for sb.“等某人”,wait to do sth.“等着做某事”,wait for sb to do sth.“等某人做某事”。例如:

Who are you waiting for?

你在等谁?

They can't wait to open the presents.

他们迫不及待地打开礼物。

You can wait for him to help you.

你可以等着他帮你。

 

6.Unfortunately, by the time I got there, the bus had already left.

不幸的是,我到那儿的时候,公交车已经走了。

unfortunately 是副词“不幸地”,是由fortunately加否定前缀“un”构成的。英语中有一部分词在词首或词尾加上前缀或后缀就可以变成另外一个词。如:lucky(幸运的)-unlucky(不幸的),use(用)-useful(有用的),forget(忘记)-forgetful(健忘的),un作前缀表示“not”的含义,即“un”是一个否定前缀。例如:fit(合适的)-unfit(不合适的),fair (公平的)-unfair(不公平的),known(闻名的)-unknown(不闻名的)等。

 

7.Luckily, my friend Tony and his Dad came by in his Dad's car and they gave me a ride.

幸运的是,我的朋友托尼和他爸爸坐着他爸爸的车经过,他们让我搭了个便车。

(1)come by 意为“经过,走过;获得,获有”。例如:

Please let the car come by.

请让车过去。

Good jobs are not easy to come by.

好工作不容易找到。

与come有关的其他词组:

<1>come out”出来;开花;出版”。例如:

The moon has come out.

月亮出来了。

It's too cold for the flowers to come out.

天太冷了,花不开了。

<2>come about”发生,产生”。例如:

Tell me how the accident came about.

告诉我事情是怎么发生的。

<3>come across“(偶然)发现……,遇见……”。例如:

I came across his name on the list.

我无意中在名单上发现他的名字。

<4>come after”继……之后,接……而来”。例如:

Sunday comes after Saturday.

星期天在星期六之后。

<5>come back”回来”。例如:

When did he come back?

他什么时候回来的?

<6>come to oneself”苏醒,醒过来”。例如:

At last, he came to himself.

最后他醒了。

<7>come from”来自”。例如:

Julia comes from Australia.

朱莉娅来自澳大利亚。

(2)give sb a ride 意为“让某人搭便车”。ride在此为名词“搭车,乘车”的意思。get a ride 意为“搭便车”。例如:

Can you give me a ride, Jack?

杰克,能让我搭个便车吗?

I want to get a ride.

我想搭个便车。

 

8.I only just made it to my class.我恰好到教室。

make it 意为“成功了,做成了”。这里指的是没有迟到,准时到达。例如:

-Have you got the job?

-你得到那份工作了吗?

-Yes, I made it.

-是的,我成功了。

 

9.Have you ever forgotten to bring your homework to school?

你曾忘了把作业带到学校吗?

(1)辨析:forget to do 与forget doing

forget to do 指的是“忘了去做……”,即该事还未做;而forget doing 则指“忘了做了……”,即该事已经做完。例如:

Don't forget to turn off lights when you go out.

出去时别忘了关灯。

Sorry, I forgot to bring the books again.

对不起,我又忘了带书来了。

Lucy forgot locking the door.

露茜忘了已锁了门了。

Tom forgot turning off TV.

汤姆忘了关了电视了。

(2)辨析:bring, take

bring 意为“把……拿来,取来”。即把某物从别处拿到说话者所在地;take 意为“把……拿走,取走”,即把某物从说话者所在地拿到别处。例如:

 

Please bring my English book here.

请把我的英语书拿到这儿来。

You can't take these magazines home.

你不能把这些杂志拿回家。

 

10.What happened to David on April Fool's Day?

愚人节那天,大卫出什么事了吗?

(1)happen to sb 意为“某人怎么了,发生在某人身上”。例如:

What happened to you?

你怎么了?

What happened to Jim?

吉姆出什么事了?

(2)英语中表示节日时须注意以下几点:

<1>表示“在……节”用介词on;

<2>表示节日的每个词的首字母大写;

<3>用day来表示“节”,且无冠词;

<4>一般用复数名词的所有格,如:Teachers' Day 教师节,Children's Day 儿童节,Women's Day 妇女节等;但也有用单数名词所有格的,如:Mother's Day 母亲节,Father's Day 父亲节等。例如:

Do you often go to parks on Children's Day?

你们儿童节经常去公园吗?

What do you usually do on New Year's Day?

新年你们通常干什么?

Do your friends play jokes on you on April Fool's Day?

你的朋友愚人节跟你开玩笑吗?

 

11.Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country.

Welles 是如此地让人信任,以致于成百上千的人都相信了这个故事,进而激起了全国性的恐慌。

(1)So …that…句型中,so后面应加一个形容词或副词,意为“如此……以至于……”

eg.This book is so interesting that everyone in our class wants to read it.

这本书是如此的有趣以至于全班同学都想看看。(so+形容词)

He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.

他跑得那么快,以致于我跟不上他。(so+副词)

So…that引导的是表示结果的状语从句,但不“一定要死套”“如此……以至于”的模式来译成汉语。

eg.It was so dark that he couldn't see the faces of his companions.

天太黑了,他不能看见同伴的脸。

(2)so that 主要用来引导目的状语从句。其从句中的谓语动词通常和can,may,should等情态动词连用,而且主句和从句之间不使用逗号,意为“以便,使能够”。

eg.They set out early so that they might arrive in time

他们早早地出发以便按时到达。

Let's take the front seats so that we may see more clearly.

我们坐在前排吧,以便可以看得更清楚。

(3)set off 意为“出发,开始;引爆;衬托”。例如:

They'll set off on a journey around the world.

他们将要出发环球旅行。

Use blue eye-shadow to set off your green eyes.

用蓝色眼影衬托你的绿眼睛。

与set有关的其他词组:

<1>set about sth.“开始,着手”。例如:

I must set about my packing.

我必须开始收拾行装了。

<2>set sb.against sb.“使某人和某人竞争、对抗”。例如:

Set yourself against her.

跟她竞争。

<3>set in”开始”。例如:

The rainy season has set in.

雨季已开始了。

<4>set out”出发,启程”。set sth out”展示,陈列”。例如:

They set out at dawn.

他们在拂晓出发。

He sets out his ideas clearly in his essay.

他在这篇文章中明确地列出了他的观点。

<5>set up”建立,设立”。例如:

The memorial will be set up.

纪念碑要建成了。

 

12.…because the spaghetti farmers in Italy had stopped growing spaghetti.

……因为生产意大利面条的农民停止了生产。

辨析:stop doing 与stop to do

stop doing 指的是“停止做”,即不做了;而stop to do 则是指“停下来去做”,即停下来的目的是去做,也就是开始做。例如:

Stop talking, let's begin our class.

不要讲话了,我们开始上课。

You are too fat and you must stop eating too much.

你太胖了,你不能吃那么多了。

Please stop to listen to me

请停下来听我说。

The mother stopped to look after her baby.

那位母亲停下来去照顾她的小宝宝。

 

13.She was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married.

她震惊了,因为她的确想结婚。

(1)thrill为动词“震颤,使激动”,多用于被动语态be thrilled,表示“很感动,受到震颤的”。例如:

We were thrilled with joy.

我们高兴极了。

She thrilled at the good news.

她听到那个好消息很兴奋。

(2)want在此为动词“想,想要”,其后可跟名词、代词或动词不定式to do。例如:

Do you want an ice-cream?

你想要个冰激凌吗?

I want some bread and milk.

我想要些面包和牛奶。

Tom wants to learn to play Chinese chess.

汤姆想学下中国象棋。

Does Lucy wants to learn to dance?

露茜想学跳舞吗?

(3)marry为动词“嫁,娶,结婚”。表示“嫁给某人”或“娶了某人”都可以用marry sb。

另外,词组get married 意为“结婚”,但这是一个非延续性动词,即它不能跟表示一段时间的词连用。be married 也可以用来表示“结婚”,它是一个延续性词组,可以与表示一段时间的词连用。例如:

John is going to marry Jane

约翰要和简结婚了。

Henry didn't marry until he was over fifty.

亨利直到过了50岁才结婚。

When are you going to get married?

你准备什么时候结婚?

We have been married for ten years.

我们已经结婚十年了。

His uncle will get married next month.

他叔叔下个月结婚。