Internet History of Science Sourcebook

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Internet
History of Science
Sourcebook
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This page is a subset of texts derived from the three major online Sourcebooks listed below. For more contextual information, for instance about the Islamic world, check out these web sites.Internet Ancient History SourcebookInternet Medieval SourcebookInternet Modern History Sourcebook
For help in research, homework, and so forth seeAncient History HELP!Medieval Studies HELP!Modern History HELP!
Notes:
In addition to direct links to documents, links are made to a number of other web resources.
2ND
Link to a secondary article, review or discussion on a given topic.
MEGA
Link to one of the megasites which track web resources.
WEB
Link to a website focused on a specific issue.. These are not links to every site on a given topic, but to sites of serious educational value.
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GeneralAncient Near EastEgypt Theory Mathematics Technology Medicine
Greco-Roman Culture PreSocratics Materialists Pythagoreanism Eleatic School Sophists Atomists Critical Thought Theoretical Science Mathematics Medicine Engineering Travel: Geography Latin Authors
Byzantium Mathematics Medicine
Islam General Theory Medicine Impact Famous Muslim Scientists
Latin Christendom Attitudes Medicine Late Medieval Physics Technology
China General Images
India Mathematics
Scientific Revolution General Earlier/Alternative Ways of Understanding the Cosmos Theory Astronomy and Physics Medicine Freedom of Thought Scientific Societies
The Enlightenment Spread of Scientific Ideas Attitudes Opposition to Religion
Classical Science Astronomy Physics Chemistry Geology Medicine
The Industrial Revolution The Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-18th Centuries The Revolution in the Manufacture of Textiles The Revolution in Power Railroads Steamships
The Great Engineers The Process of Industrialization New Technologies The Steel Industry The Chemical Industry Electricity Efficiency, Automation and the Assembly Line Aviation Confidences and Disasters
New Science: Darwin, Freud, Einstein General Geology Biology: Red in Tooth and Claw Reaction to Darwin Social Implications of Evolution
Mathematics Physics: The End of the Classical Synthesis Chemistry Astronomy Psychology: The Obscurity of the Mind Philosophical Reflections: The End of Reason? Science and War Technology Scientists Reflections on Science and Meaning
Science, Technology and the Transformation in the Means of Production Biology: The DNA Revolution Space Exploration Computers Knowledge Based Production The Internet The World Environment: Cornucopeian Plenty or a Crisis Situation
Moral Issues and Modern Science Use of Atomic Bomb Genetics and Human Society
Further Resources in the History of Science Webguides Source Material Other
2ND Thomas S. Kuhn:Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962 [At BGSU]
Summary of theories of an important modern theorist of the idea of scientific revolution.
2NDBabylonian and Egyptian Mathematics [At St. Andrews]
Illustrations and modern presentations of the calculation methods.
TheoryThe Memphite Theology [At Creighton]
Ptah as creator god. This text has been presented as the source of Greek science. This is unlikely!
Mathematics 2NDEgyptian Mathematics [At ukonline] 2NDEgyptian Mathematics [At Buffalo]
With translations of problems. WEBEgyptian Fractions [At UCI][Website]
A website which discusses Egyptian fractions, and which has links to other sites on Egyptian mathematics.
Technology 2NDPlumbing in Egypt [At theplumber.com] 2ND Carol Meyer:Bir Umm Fawakhir: Insights into Ancient Egyptian Mining JOM 9:3 (1997), 64-68. [At JOM]
Mining in 5-6th Century CE Egypt.
Medicine WEBEgyptian Medicine [Website]
Some short texts and illustrations
PreSocratics
See 2NDStudy Guide [At Brooklyn College]PreSocratic Fragments [At Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy]
Materialists 2NDAnaximander,Anaximenes,Anaxagoras [IEP Articles]Thales (c.600-550 BCE)[At Hanover]Anaximander (c.610-545 BCE)[At Hanover]Anaximenes (fl.546 BCE)[At Hanover]Anaxagoras (c.500-c.428 BCE)[At Hanover] Anaxagoras (c.500-c.428 BCE):Fragments [At 4th Tetralogy]
PythagoreanismTexts about Pythagoras [At CSUN]Pythagoras (c.580-c.500 BCE)[At Hanover]
Eleatic School 2NDParmenides,Empedocles [IEP Articles]Parmenides of Elea: (c.515-after 450 BCE)[At Hanover] Parmenides of Elea: (c.515-after 450 BCE):Fragments [At 4th Tetralogy] Parmenides of Elea (c.515-after 450 BCE):On Nature (Peri Physis) [At A Randell]Zeno of Elea (c.490-after 445 BCE)[At Hanover]
The puzzles still work!Melissos (5th Cent BCE)[At Hanover] Empedocles (c.493-c.433 BCE):Fragments [At 4th Tetralogy]
A pluralistic answer to Parmenides. Empedocles (c.493-c.433 BCE):Going Among Men as an Immmortal fragments 112, 146, 147 [At Eliade]
Sophists 2NDSophists,Euclides,Prodicus,Gorgias,Protagoras [IEP Article]Protagoras (c.485-411 BCE) [At Northpark]
FragmentsGorgias (c.483-c.385 BCE) [At Northpark] Prodicus (fl. 5th Cent. BCE) Protagoras (480-411 BCE)
Xenophanes (c.570-c.470 BCE)[At Hanover]Xenophanes (c.570-c.470 BCE)[At Northpark]
Atheistic views.Heraklitos (c.540-c.480 BCE) [At WSU] 2NDHeraklitos [IEP Article] 2NDHeraklitos [EAWC article] Heraklitos (c.540-c.480 BCE):Fragments [At 4th Tetralogy]
Atomists 2NDLeucippus,Democritus [IEP Articles] Leucippus (2nd half 5th Cent BCE) Democritus (470/467-366/363 BCE): Aristotle: De Generatione et Corruptione A8
Critical Thought Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE):Why the Nile Floods in Summer (Hdt. 2.19-2.27) [At Holy Cross] Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE):Critique of Geography (Hdt. 4.36.2-45.5) [At Holy Cross]Geography in Herodotus [At Holy Cross]
Theoretical Science Aristotle (384-323 BCE):The Four Causes, [At WSU] Aristotle (384-323 BCE): :On Generation and Corruption.[At MIT]
The first five parts ofBook II in particular discuss elements, and  the system of four elements that predates Aristotle.
Mathematics 2ND Donald Lancon:An Introduction to the Works of Euclid [At Tamu][Modern Account] WEB Euclid (c.300 BCE):Elements [At Clark][Full Text]
The site has Java applets which let you play around with the geometric figures.
MedicineHellenic & Hellenistic Science [At This Site]
Contains:Hippocrates, Aphorisms, c. Fifth Century BCE,Archimedes, Letter to Dositheus, c. 220 BCE,Galen, Medicine, c. Mid-Second Century CE Galen (129-199 CE):On the Natural Faculties, [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter files] orone text file [At Virginia Tech]The Hippocratic Oath [At Saskatchewan] WEBHippocratic Texts (c.430-330 BCE)[At Virgina Tech][Complete Texts] WEBMedicina Antiqua [Website]
Texts and images on ancient medicine. WEBAntiqua Medicina: From Homer to Vesalius [Website]
Engineering Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE):Life of Marcellus [At MIT]
See chaps. 14-17, 19 for an account of Archimedes (c.287-c.212 BCE). Hero of Alexandria (fl/ 62 CE):Pneumatics [Full Text] [At Steam Engine Library] WEBArchimedes (c.287-c.212 BCE)[Website]
The site has extensive source text quotations and illustrations. See for instance this one onArchimedean Solids. 2NDWhy did the Ancients Not Develop Machinery [At Southwestern]
Travel: GeographyThe Periplus [At CCNY]
Written by a Greek resident of Alexandria in Egypt during the first century BCE, this text is one of the oldest surviving accounts of the countries on Africa‘s east coast. A map gives some idea of the size and scope of Africa and of the author‘s journey.
Latin Authors Pliny the Elder (23/4-79 CE):Natural History in Latin [At Kansas][Full Text]
MathematicsA Byzantine Mathematics Textbook, 888: [Page image]
With Euclidean theorems.
Medicine Paul of Aigina:The Epitome, excerpts. [a medical text]
General 2ND Seyyed Hossain Nasr:Science and Civilization in Islam, (New York : New American Library. 1968). "Introduction".
Theory Ibn Rushd (Averro雜) (1126-1198 CE):Religion & Philosophy, c. 1190. The text is On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy, or in Arabic Kitab fasl al-maqal, with its appendix (Damina). Appended is an extract from Kitab al-kashf`an manahij al-adilla.
Medicine Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 28:Medicine (Kitab Al-Tibb) [At USC-MSA] Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973-1037):On Medicine, c. 1020 CE Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762):Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey, [At this Site] WEBHistory of Islamic Medicine
ImpactAdelard of Bath: Natural Questions, c. 1137
Impact of Muslim science in the West.
Famous Muslim Scientist Lists
The lists below seem to be part of a certain genre of list creation, usually to make the claim (which is true) that Islam had a glorious role in the history of science. None of them seem to address what happened after c. 1500 (the Western Intrusion was not until c. 1800, so it will not do as an "excuse".) WEBMuslim Scientists and Thinkers [At City.ac.uk] WEBMuslim Scientists, 700 - 1500 CE [At Muslimsonline] WEBMuslim Scientists, Mathmaticians and Astronomers Before European Renaissance, 700 - 1500 CE [At Zenithco]
Attitudes Agobard of Lyons (9th Century):On Hail and Thunder  translated by Wendy Lewis Agobard of Lyons (9th Century):On the Deception of Certain Signs   translated by Wendy Lewis Adelard of Bath:Natural Questions, c. 1137, on the impact of Muslim science in the West. Theophilus:An Essay Upon Diverse Arts, c. 1125. Peter Abelard (1079-1142):Prologue to Sic et Non, translated by Wendy Lewis Peter Abelard:Sic et Non, excerpts, [At Clinch Valley College] Roger Bacon:On Experimental Science, 1268. Roger Bacon:On Experimental Science, from Opus Majus, 13th century [At Clinch Valley College] Roger Bacon:Despair About Thirteenth Century Scholarship, from Compendium Studii Philosophiae, 1271.
Medicine A Treatise from Salerno on Nutrition:De flore dietarum, in Latin and Italian, [At Cilento]
Late Medieval PhysicsOckham, Scotus, Buridan John Buridan: Questions [c.1290-c.1360] Nicholas Oresme (1323-1382):Basic Information [At St. Andrews]
An important late medieval scientist. Not all was dark before Copernicus. Oresme, Catholic Bishop of Lisieux, wrote on the nature of light, and invented coordinate geometry long before Descartes.
Technology Palladius:On Husbandry, c. 350 Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1340-1400):A Treatise on the Astrolabe, c.1391, in Middle English. See AlsoColumbus Navigation Homepage [At Minn.net]
With maps of the various voyages.
General Matteo Ricci:The Art of Printing P鑢e du Halde:Teaching Science to the Manchu Emperor, c. 1680
Images Image:Technology: Early Chinese Star Mapping Image:Technology: Use of the Plow in China Image:Technology: Making of Silk Image:Technology: Chinese Use of Paper Image:Technology: Early Paper Money Image:Technology: Tang Dynasty Coin Image:Technology: The earliest printed book - 868 CE Image:Technology: Use of Tea Image:Technology: Use of Crossbow Image:Technology: Chinese Canon from 1368 Image:People: Zhang he Image:People: Zhang he 2 Image:People: Zhang he 3
Mathematics
General WEB SeeThe Galileo Project [At Rice] for a website focused on the early scientific revolution. SUMMARY:The Scientific Revolution Scientific Societies
Earlier/Alternative Ways of Understanding the Cosmos WEBAlchemical Texts [At Alchemy Web]
A huge number of alchemical texts from from 16th-18th centuries.
Theory Francis Bacon (1561-1626): fromFirst Book of Aphorisms [At this Site] Francis Bacon (1561-1626):Preface to the Novum Organum [At Hanover] Francis Bacon (1561-1626):The New Atlantis, 1626, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College] Francis Bacon (1561-1626):The New Atlantis, 1627 [At this Site] Francis Bacon (1561-1626):The New Atlantis, 1626 [At ArtBin][Full Text] Francis Bacon (1561-1626):Various Texts [index at Hanover] Ben Jonson (1573-1625):On Lord Francis Bacon, 1625 [At this Site] Voltaire (1694-1778):On Francis Bacon, from Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778  [At this Site] R閚e Descartes (1596-1650):Discourse on Method, 1637, extracts [At WSU] R閚e Descartes  (1596-1650):Discourse on Method, 1637 [At Wiretap][Full text] R閚e Descartes  (1596-1650):M閐itations, 1641 [At Wright][Full text][Trilingual edition: Latin, French, and English]
Astronomy and Physics Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543):Dedication of The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543 [At Clinch Valley College];Alternate Text [At Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543):The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543, selection from main text, [At this Site] Tycho Brahe (1546-1601):Life [AT kth.se]
A web page with illustrations of Brahe‘s observations and system. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630):Laws of Planetary Motion [At Hawaii]
A web page illustrating the laws in diagrams Galileo Galilei (1564-1642):Letter to the Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615 [At this Site]
RGReading Guide
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913): Article Galileo Galilei (1564-1642):Letter to the Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615, excerpts, [At CCNY]Galileo‘s Pendulum Experiments - a modern recreation [At Rice] Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727):Optics, excerpts [At this Site]
On atomic theory and induction. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727):Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, excerpts [At this Site]
On the rules of reasoning in philosophy. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727):Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, excerpts [At Northpark] Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727):Three Laws of Motion, in Latin [At GMU] Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727):Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, [at sympatico.ca] orhere [At Tripod]
Complete text with illustrations. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727):Principia: Book Two. Lemma II. [At Trinity College Dublin]
Newton describes what is essentially the Product Rule for differentiation, applying it to calculate the `moments‘ of quantities that are expressed as products of powers of other quantities whose moments are known.Cambridge in the Time of Newton [Modern Account][At History House]
Medicine Andreas Vesalius (1514-64):De humani corporis fabrica, 1543, frontispiece of 1555 edition, [At UAB], and seeDetailed Images [At Medicina Antiqua]
See alsoBrief Bio [At Plymouth], orhere [At Virginia], orhere [At Vanderbilt]Vesalius Image Archive [At Vesalium.com]
Archive of medical and anatomical images. Not for the squeamish.16th Century Surgeon [At CCNY] William Harvey (1578-1657):On The Motion of The Heart And Blood In Animals, 1628 [At this Site] William Harvey (1578-1657):On the Motion of the Heart, excerpts [At this Site]
Freedom of Thought 2ND Donald Kobe:Luther and Science [At Leader U.]
Consideration of the relationship between Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution.The Crime of Galileo: Indictment 1630 [At this Site] Cardinal Bellarmine (1542-1621):Information [At Rice]Index of Forbidden Books, Some listed authors, 1559-1964.Index of Forbidden Books, frontpage of 116 edition [published From 1559 to 1964]
Part ofBonfire of Liberties [At Texas Humanities], an exhibition of banned books. But see also theVatican Library Exhibition, which shows the role of the Vatican in preserving culture.
Scientific Societies Dr. John Wallis:The Origin of The Royal Society, 1645-1662 [At this Site] Voltaire (1694-1778):On The Royal Society And Other Academies from Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778 [At this Site]
Spread of Scientific Ideas Voltaire (1694-1778): Letters on Newton, from the Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778  [At this Site] Voltaire (1694-1778):Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, full text, c. 1778 [At this Site] Denis Diderot:Encyclopedie [At Chicago]
This is a link to the beginning of a complete online version of the Encyclopedia. Jean La Rond D‘Alembert:Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot [At WSU]
Attitudes Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790):Experiments with Balloons, 1783 [At this Site] Condorcet (1743-94):On the Future Progress of the Human Mind, 1794 [At this Site]
RGReading Guide George Berkeley:A Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics [At Trinity College Dublin][Full Text] Gottfried Leibniz:The Monadology, 1714. [At UTM][Full Text]
Opposition to Religion David Hume (1711-1776):On Miracles, excerpts from Human Understanding [At this Site] Thomas Paine (1737-1809):Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Religion [At this Site] Thomas Paine (1737-1809):Essays on Religion [At this Site] WEB Benjamin Franklin:Works [At VTech]  [At U Oklahoma]
The "Scientific Revolution" - understood as the time when a "paradigm shift" took place, ended with Newton‘s achievements. From the late 17th century until the late 19th century that vision of the cosmos was developed and filled in by what we now call "classical science". The achievements of this period have not been negated by the discoveries and theories of the late 19th and 20th centuries, but are now seen as accurate only with certain boundaries. Astronomy Simon Newcomb (1835-1909):Extent of The Universe, 1884 [At this Site]
Physics Michael Faraday (1791-1867):Lectures on the Forces of Matter, 1859 [At this Site] 2ND John Tyndall:Faraday as a Discoverer, 1894, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania] Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz:On The Conservation of Force, 1863 [At this Site] Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)(1824-1907):Wave Theory of Light, 1884 [At this Site] Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)(1824-1907):Tides, 1882  [At this Site]
Chemistry WEBSelected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry [At Lemoyne]
Full texts of many papers in the history fo Chemistry under the following headings: Atomic hypothesis and discrete nature of matter Electrochemistry and electrolyte solutions Elements: Nature, Number, and Discovery Environmental chemistry Gases Periodic table and periodic law Radioactivity and atomic structure Others
WEBClassic Chemistry Page, by Carmen Giunta [At Lemoyne] WEBChemTeam: Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry (and Some Physics too)
Over 50 papers in the the history of physics and Chemistry. WEBChemTeam
Is an all-round site for high school chemistry. Joseph Priestley:The Discovery of Oxygen, 1776 [At this Site]  Michael Faraday (1791-1867):The Chemical History of A Candle, 1860 [At this Site] Louis Pasteur (1822-1895):Physiological Theory of Fermentation, 1879 [At this Site]
Geology Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz:Ice and Glaciers, 1865 [At this Site]
Medicine Edward Jenner (1749-1823):Three Original Publications On Vaccination Against Smallpox, 1798 [At this Site] Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894):Contagiousness Of Puerperal Fever, 1843 [At this Site] Joseph Lister (1827-1912):Antiseptic Principle Of The Practice of Surgery, 1867 [At this Site] Louis Pasteur (1822-1895):Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery, 1878 [At this Site] Louis Pasteur (1822-1894):Extension of The Germ Theory, 1880 [At this Site] H.C. Ernst:Extension of The Germ Theory, 1880 [At this Site]
The Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-18th Centuries Abraham Cowley (1618-1667):Of Agriculture, 1650 [At this Site] Turnips John A. Mazis:The Potato [Modern Account][At UMN] Field Rotation Animal Breeding
The Revolution in the Manufacture of Textiles Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883):Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England [At McMaster][Full Text] Curt Anderson:The Two Countries That Invented the Industrial Revolution [At Darex.com][Modern Article]
An explanation of the different functions of invention in Briatin and the United States.
The Revolution in Power WEBThe Steam Engine Library
Full texts of many books on the history of the Steam Engine. A splendid resource. WEBThe Kew Bridge Steam Museum [In the UK]The Steam Engine [At Toronto]
A short modern account of how a steam engine works, and what was improved in the 18th century. Thomas Newcomen:The Newcomen Engine [At exeter.ac.uk][Sketch picture] James Watt (1736-1819):The Steam Engine, c. 1769 [At Museon.nl][Picture] James Watt (1736-1819) and Matthew Boulton:An Industrial Steam Engine [witha 64 inch bore!], 1820 [At Kew Bridge Steam Museum][Picture] James Watt (1736-1819):The Steam Engine, c. 1769 [At this Site][Picture] Thomas H. Marshall:James Watt, 1925 [At Steam Engine Library][Full Text] Richard Guest:Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture, 1823, excerpts [At this Site]
On the application of steam power to cotton looms and the social effects. William Radcliffe:Origin of...Power Loom Weaving, 1828, excerpts [At this Site]
On the application of steam power to cotton looms. Railroads
Steam ShipsLine of American Packets Between New York and Liverpool, Evening Post, New York, October 27, 1817 [At LSU]
Not steam ships, but an indication of the growth of a market. Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859):The S.S. Great Britain, 1839 [At Digiweb][Picture+text]
The first ocean-going steam propeller ship.Two Steamboat Diasters at a Time, The U.S. Nautical Magazine and Naval Journal Vol. IV (1855), p 259. [At LSU] D. McGee:The History of Machine Engineering in Canda [At Toronto][Modern Text]
An online project which clearly illustrates Marine technology developments, and not just in Canada!
The Great EngineersList of the Great Engineers [At Heriot-Watt]Charles Babbage Page, (1791-1871) [At Exeter University]
Babbage was a major pioneer in computing. Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859):Works [At University of Dundee][Modern summary] or see anotherSummary Biography [At wlihe.ac.uk] Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859):The Clifton Suspension Bridge [At wlihe.ac.uk][picture] James Nasmyth:Autobiography, 1897, in chapter files, full text, with illustrations, [At Bibliomania]
The Process of IndustrializationTables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization, [At this Site]Spread of Railways in Europe [At this Site]
New Technologies The Steeel Industry Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898):Autobiography, 1905, in chapter files, full text,  with illustrations, [At Bibliomania]
The Chemical Industry Harold Baron: The Chemical Industry on the Continent, 1909 [At this Site]
Steel Electricity Efficiency, Automation and the Assembly Line Frederick W. Taylor:The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 [At this Site]
Aviation Orville Wright (1871-1948):Telegram to Bishop Milton Wright announcing the first successful powered flight, 17 December, 1903 [At NARA]
Confidences and Disasters WEBTitanic Documents [At NARA] Jay Henry Mowbray:The Sinking of the Titanic 1912 [At Gaslight]
General SUMMARY:Late 19th Century Science and Culture
Geology Archibald Geikie:Geographical Evolution, 1879 [At this Site] Charles Lyell:Principles of Geology III & IV   [At this Site]
Biology: Red in Tooth and Claw Charles Darwin (1809-1882):The Voyage of the Beagle, 1845 [At Literature.Org][Full Text] Charles Darwin (1809-1882):On the Origins of Species, 1859 [At Literature.Org][Full Text] Charles Darwin (1809-1882):On the Origins of Species, 1859, extracts [At WSU] Charles Darwin (1809-1882):On the Origins of Species, 1859, extracts [At Hanover] Charles Darwin (1809-1882):The Descent of Man, 1871 [At Bristol][Full Text] Charles Darwin (1809-1882):The Descent of Man, 1871, excerpts [At this Site] Charles Darwin (1809-1882):The Descent of Man, 1871, excerpts on Sexual Selection [At this Site] Thomas H. Huxley,(1825-95):The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology, 1880, full text [At Eldritch Press] Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949):The Life of the Bee [La Vie des Abeilles], translated from French into English
by Alfred Sutro, full text [At Eldritch Press] Reaction to Darwin Samuel Wilberforce:On Darwin‘s Origin of Species, 1860
A negative reaction. J. H. Gladstone: Points of Supposed Collision Between the Scriptures and Natural Science, 1872 [At this Site]
A lecture given at the behest of the Christian Evidence Society, in support of Christianity against the assault of the New Science upon Biblical authority. St. George Jackson Mivart (1827-1900):On the Genesis of the Species, 1871
Mivart  was a Catholic convert who wrote a noted reply to the Darwinian thesis, which he did not dismiss out of hand, in 1871. In 1876, Pope Pius IX conferred on him the degree of doctor of philosophy.
Social Implications of Evolution Herbert Spencer (1820-1903):Progess: Its Law and Causes, 1857, excerpts [At this Site]
Social Darwinism by its founder. Note the date! Herbert Spencer (1820-1903):First Principles, 1862 [At McMaster][Full Text] Walter Bagehot:The Use of Conflict, 1872 [At this Site]
An application of evolutionary thought to military conflict. Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895):The Method of Scientific Investigation, 1863 [At this Site] Thomas H. Huxley (1825-95):Science and Culture, 1880 [At this Site] Thomas Henry Huxley:The Struggle for Existence, 1888 [At this Site] Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895):Prolegomena to Evolution and Ethics, 1894 [At Baylor] Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895):Evolution and Ethics, 1894 [At Baylor] Andrew White:The Warfare of Science and Theology in Christendom 1898 [At Hanover] Karl Pearson:National Life From the Standpoint of Science, 1900 [At this Site] Charles Peirce:The Fixation of Belief [At this Site] William Graham Sumner (1840-1910):The Challenge of Facts, pub. 1914 [At this Site]
An  American social Darwinist mixes on the family and Socialism. 2ND Robert M. Young:The Impact of Darwin on Conventional Thought [At Sheffield]
Mathematics WEBArticles on the History of Mathematics [At St. Andrews]
Physics: The End of the Classical Synthesis WEBEinstein Online
Splendid collection of texts by and about Einstein, with links to all over the net. WEBEinstein Revealed [At PBS] WEBEinstein Page [At Erk]
A great site for texts, with explanations of what they mean. WEBWerner Karl Heisenberg Info Albert Einstein (1879-1955):The General Theory of Relativity, part of a lecture at Princeton 1921, [At Erk] Albert Einstein (1879-1955):Relativity: The Special and General Theory, 1916 and later edition. [Full Text][At Erk] Bertrand Russell (1872-1970):Philosophical Consequences of Relativity, written for 13th ed of Encyclopedia Britannica [At HK]
Chemistry Marie Curie (1867-1934):On the Discovery of Radium [At this Site]
Astronomy A.S. Eddington (1882-1944):Stars and Atoms, 1926 in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania] Percival Lowell (1855-1916):Mars, 1895, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
Psychology: The Obscurity of the Mind WEBFreudnet [At Interport] WEBSigmund Freud and Freud Archives [At Interport] Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900, extracts [At WSU] Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 [At CMU][Full Text] orhere [At Psych-Web][In HTML] Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)::The Interpretation of Dreams, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania] Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):The Structure of the Unconscious, from An Outline of Psychoanalysis [At Upenn] Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis: First Lecture [At Warwick] Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis: Third Lecture [At Warwick] Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis: Fifth Lecture [At Warwick]
Philosophical Reflections: The End of Reason? Auguste Comte (1798-1857):A General View of Positivism [At this Site] S鴕en Kierkegaard (1813-1855):The Present Age [At WSU]
See also Richard Hooker‘sIntroduction Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881):Notes From the Underground [At Baylor] Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881):Rebellion and the Grand Inquisitor [At Baylor] Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900):Parable of the Madman [At this Site] Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900):The Gay Science [At Hanover] Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900):Thus Spake Zarathustra [At Virginia Tech][Full Text] Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900):Also sprach Zarathustra [At Hamburg][Full Text][In German] Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900):The Geneology of Morals, extracts [At WSU]
See also Richard Hooker‘sIntroduction William James (1842-1910):Essays in Radical Empiricism [At HK][Full Text]
Science and War Technology The Haber Process and Gas Warfare Captain Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen [The Red Baron] (1892-1918):Air Warfare [At this Site]
Scientists Reflections on Science and Meaning Ludwig B點hner:Force and Matter--Empirico-Philosophical Studies Intelligibly Rendered, 1855
This is one of the most successful, and early, statements on Materialism stemming from the conclusions of the New Science. Ernst Haeckel:The Confession of Faith of a Man of Science, 1892 Albert Einstein (1879-1955):Science and Religion, 1939 [At St. Cloud]
and the Transformation in the Means of Production
Biology: The DNA Revolution Image:DNA
Physics Space Exploration Courtney G. Brooks. James M. Grimwood and Loyd S. Swenson, Jr.:Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft [At Nasa]The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology [At NASA] WEBThe Apollo 11 Mission [At Historyplace]Letters on Board Voyager, 1977, [At Letters Magazine]Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident [At NASA]
Computers WEBJohn W. Mauchly and the Development of the ENIAC Computer [At UPenn]
The ENIAC computer, the first large-scale general-purpose electronic computer, was built in 1946. This is a comprehensive illustrated exhibition. Alan Turing
Knowledge Based Production Mass Education Tables showing shift in proportions of economic activity [Agriculture, Manufacture, Service]
The Internet WEBWorld Wide Web History Project
On the history of the world wide web.Internet Censorship [At Religious Tolerance][Summary] Evan Morris:The Book Lover‘s Guide to the Internet [At Washington Post] Dinty W. Moore:The Emperor‘s Virtual Clothes The Naked Truth About Internet Culture [At Washington Post]
The World Environment: Cornucopeian Plenty or a Crisis Situation The Club of Rome Kirkpatrick Sale:Lessons from the Luddites: Setting Limits On Technology, The Nation, June 5, 1995 [At Calgary] Julian Simon:Address [At OpusDei]
Comments by a leading "cornucopeian" who claims that there is no need to worry about population growth, global warming. etc.
and Modern Science
Use of Atomic Bomb WEBDocuments Relating to American Foreign Policy--Hiroshima [At Mt. Holyoke] WEBHiroshima Links WEBEnola Gay Perspectives WEBDocuments on the Decision to Drop the Bomb [At Truman Archives] WEBHiroshima: Was It Necessary
Links to primary documents and modern discussions. WEBNagasaki Journey: The Photographs of Yosuke Yamahata [At UCR] Albert Einstein:Letter to Roosevelt, Aug 2, 1939 [At Enola Gay] Carl Maag and Steve Rohrer:U.S. Project Trinity Report [At Project Gutenberg] [Full Text]Hiroshima Survivor‘s Accounts,[At OBI]
Genetics and Human Society
Web Guides MEGAYahoo! History of Science MEGAWWW Virtual Library: History of Science, Technology & Medicine MEGAHistory of Science On the Web [At ChemTeam] MEGAHistory of Science on the Web [At Oklahoma] MEGAHistory of Science/Science Studies Reference Sources [At UCSD] MEGAVoice of the Shuttle: Science, Technology, and Culture Page MEGAThe Physics Pilot [At physicsweb]
Guide to Physics on the Web MEGAWomen and Minorities in Science and Engineering [At MIT]
Source Materials WEBInternet Classics Archive [At MIT]
For classical authors WEBAlchemical Texts [At Alchemy Web]
From 16th-18th century. WEBSelected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry [At Lemoyne] WEBChemTeam: Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry (and Some Physics too)
Over 50 papers in the the history of physics and Chemistry.
Other WEBHistory of Science Society [At U Washington] WEBHistory of Science and Technology Database [At U Washington]
[Need to be a member/]
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