精彩语法复习讲义(4)oo

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第四节 情态动词

情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类:一是基本助动词,如have, do, be;二是情态助动词,如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在英语的各种考试考试中,现在一个明显的趋势是呈现出复杂的结构。根据我们对历年来试卷的分析,情态动词部分重点测试以下内容:

(1)情态动词+行为动词完成式
(2)情态动词+行为动词进行式
(3)情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
(4)某些情态动词的特殊用法

一、一般情态动词

1、情态动词的完成式:

⑴ 情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”,表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。如:

Since the ditch(沟,沟渠) is full of water, it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都满了,想必昨晚一定下雨了。
You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶,因为她早在你出生前就死了。
I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到钥匙了,也许昨天丢到学校了吧。

⑵ 当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldn’t加完成式时,是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如:

You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是而恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。
You should have finished your compositon(写作,作文) by yesterday.你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。

⑶ needn’t have v-ed

needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为“本没必要…”。例如:

You needn’t have wakened me up; I don’t have to go to work today.你本没必要把我叫醒,因为我今天不上班。

注:表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。

2、情态动词的进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如:

The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.他书房的灯还亮着,想必他现在还在工作。
She shouldn’t be working like that. She is still very weak.她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.
He can’t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.

3、情态动词的完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:

They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他们浑身是汗,准是在地里一直干活来着。
They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning.今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。

二、特殊情态动词

除了上述的基本情态动词之外,还有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。
The soldier would sooner die than surrender(投降). 这个战士宁死不降。
If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜欢游泳,你也可以待在家里啊。

这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句时,从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如:

I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。
I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。

三、情态动词中应特别注意的典的型结构

They must be in the library, aren’t they? 他们一定还在图书馆,对吧?
They must have gone to the library, haven’t they? 他们一定去图书馆了,对吧?
They must have been to the library yesterday, didn’t they? 他们昨天一定去了图书馆,是不是?
Let me do it, will you? 让我来做,好么?Let me help you, may I? 请让我帮你,可以吗?
Don’t move, will you? 请你别动!
Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快点?
Let’s go for a walk, shall we? 咱们去散步,好么?
He used to live in the countryside, didn’t/usedn’t he? 他过去住在农村,对吧?