“把”字句是一个难点

Interview with Professor Zhao Shuhua
2006-11-17 15:02:04       CRIENGLISH.com
萍萍：赵教授，“把”字句是一个难点，现在能否请您谈谈怎样学习“把”字句的问题。
Pingping: Professor Zhao, sentences led by “把”is difficult for learners. Now could you talk about how to learn such sentences led by “把”?
赵教授：对“把”字句这种句型一个是要掌握它的句法结构、语义特征；另一个就是要掌握它的御用功能，也就是说在什么时候用这种句型。
Professor Zhao: To learn this kind of sentences, one is to grasp its syntax structure and semantic characters; the other is to grasp its major use, that is to say, in which situation we use this kind of sentences.
我们说了解“把”字句的结构和语义特征并不十分困难。比如，“把”字句的常见格式是：主语＋把＋把的宾语＋动词＋其他成分（补语、“了”、宾语等等）要造一个正确的“把”字句需要满足三个条件。
To understand the sentence’s structure and semantic characters of sentences led by “把” is not difficult. For example, the usual structure of this sentence is : subject+把+the object of把+verb +other components(complement, “了”、and object). To make a correct sentence of “把”, three conditions as follows are necessary.
第一是常见“把”字句中的动词是必须是及物的，就是说，它要有受事。它的受事就是“把”的宾语。从意义上说，“把字句”的动词大部分是带有处置意义的。什么是“处置” ？就是能把它的受事改变形式、移动位置或者使它受到一种影响，这就是处置了它。
First, the verb in the sentence should be transitive, that is to say, it must have object. In terms of meaning, most verbs in sentence of “把” can change the form of object, move its place or the object may be influenced by something .
第二是，“把”的宾语是确指的，为什么必须是确指的呢？因为它是处置的对象，所以它必须是确定的事物。如果你还没确定是哪一个，你怎么处置它呢？所以，宾语前边常常带有“这”、“那”或者本身是单个的名词。
Second, the object of “把” should be specific. Why? Because it is the component the verb exerts, if you haven’t decided which one will be changed or replaces, then how to deal with it? Therefore, before the object, there are always words such as “this”, “that” or the object itself is single word.
第三是，动词后面要有补语等成分，就是其他成分来说明初之后的结果。当然有是前面有状语，现在先不谈。如果你能满足把字句得这三个条件，也就是说，先用把引出要处置的是什么，然后说怎么样处置，再说处置后的结果是什么，那么你做的这个把字句大概就不会有什么问题。要是你做的“把”字句不对，那么就可以从这三个方面去检查，看看事不是其中的某个条件你没有满足。比如，你说，我把那只狗喜欢了。这个句子是不对的。喜欢虽然是及物动词，可是没有处置意义，所以这个句子不能成立。再比如，你说，他把一个苹果切。用一个表示的事物多半是不确指的，“切”了之后没有结果，也不行。如果把这句子改成：他把那个苹果切开了。就对了。
Third, behind the object, there should be complement. That is to say, it requires other components to express the result. Sometimes, there are adverbials before the complement, but now we don’t talk about this question. If the three conditions are satisfied, which means that you first use “把” to lead to the object we will deal with, then how to deal with, last, the result. In that case, this sentence of “把” may be correct. If your sentence is wrong, you can examine it from the three aspects. For example, you say, “我把那只狗喜欢了”。 The sentence is not correct. Although “like” is transitive, it doesn’t have object. Another example, “他把一个苹果切。” If we use “a”, the word may be not specific. After “cut”, there is no result. If we change the sentence into “他把那个苹果切开 ”， it is correct.
其实这三个条件，还是比较容易掌握的。不过，实际运用起来，往往就会顾此失彼。
In fact, these three conditions are easy to grasp. However, when we use, we always attend to one thing and lose another.
把字句从结构上看有两种类型：
“把”sentence has two types in terms of structure.
一种是不能转换成非把字句的，就是不能转换成一般动词谓语句的。（“主语＋动词＋宾语”）。这种把字句在动词后面常带“在……”“到（什么地方）……来/去”“成……”等。举三个例子。
One is that cannot be translated into sentence without“把”, which cannot be translated into predicate sentence with verb ( subject +verb+ object). This kind of “把”sentence is usually with “在……”“到(什么地方)……来/去”“成……”等。Let’s see three examples as follows.
1. 你把今天的报放在哪儿了？
Where do you put today’s newspaper?
2. 他把上衣送到洗衣店去了。
He sends his coat to the cleaner’s.
3. 我的朋友常常把“我”字写成“找”字。
My friend often writes “我”into“找”.
这类把字句使用频率是比较高的。应该下功夫牢牢记住它的格式，
We use these kinds of “把”sentences frequently, so we should remember them clearly.
另一种是能够转换成非把字句，也就是一般动词谓语句的。比如，他丢钱了，和他把钱丢了。这两句话前一句是说明在他身上发生了丢钱这样不幸的事。，前一句是说明，在他身上发生了丢前这样的不幸的事。至于那钱是做什么用的，并不是说话人所关注的。后一句，“他把钱丢了”中的“钱”是确指的，特定的，是某一笔钱。听话人也是知道的。比如，它是做学费用的，或者是要用它买什么东西的。甚至也许是公款。对前一句，听话人可能会进一步问：丢了多少钱？对后一句，听话人可能会关心地说，那怎么办呢？所以用“把”和不用“把”句子的功能是不同的。
Another is that can be translated into sentences without “把”, which is normal predicate sentence. For example, “他丢钱了”和“他把钱丢了”. The first sentence is to say it is unlucky that he lost his money. As for the use of money, it is not our concern. The latter sentence, “money” is specific. The listener may know that it is tuition or we use it to buy something, even it is public money. As to the first sentence, the listener may ask “how much money he lost.” And as for the latter sentence, the listener may ask “what should he do?” So, using “把”or not has different effects.
又如，我们请了一位保姆，对她的介绍，我可以说：她照顾小孩照顾得很好。意思是，她很会照顾小孩，她对任何一个小孩都能带得很好。这是对她的特长的一种评价，如果我说，她把小孩照顾得很好，这个小孩是指具体的某个小孩，是确指的，可能是某位主人家的孩子或者是我家的孩子。
Another example, we employ a baby-sitter. When we introduce her, we can say: she takes good care of baby, and she is good at it. This is a kind of praise of her skill. If we say “她把小孩照顾得很好”. The child is specific. He is may be my child or my host’s child.
对于这种能够转换的“把”字句，掌握起来是比较困难的。这需要我们不断增强语感，多听，多说，多做练习，慢慢地是可以掌握的。
This kind of sentence led by “把 ” ,which can be changed into sentences without “把”, is hard to grasp. But if we listen more, speak more and practice more, we can grasp it gradually.
上面我说的是“把”字句在结构上和语义上的特征，下面谈谈“把”字句在语用功上的特征。也就是说谈谈在什么情况下我们用“把”字句？
In the above text, I talk about structure and semantic characters of “把”sentences. Next ,I will talk about in what situation we use “把”sentences.
第一种情况，当我们要表示对某一个特定的事物需要怎么样处置的时候，就可以用把字句，目的是要突出或强调这一事物。比如：在上课的时候我们常常听到老师说，
（１） 把名字写上！
（２） 把本子交给我！
（３） 把书拿出来！
把名字写上！
The first situation. When we express that how to deal with certain thing, we can use “把” sentence to emphasis on it. Take an example, in class, we often hear our teachers say:
（４） 把名字写上！
（５） 把本子交给我！
（６） 把书拿出来！
（７） 把名字写上！
为什么老师在这里要用“把”字句呢？这就是因为“把”字句的功能是他们选择了这种句型，把字句不但要求把的宾语有定的，确指的，而且还有突出这个宾语的作用。就说把的宾语是说话人要陈述的一个小话题，比如，老师要突出“本子”，对于“本子”老师要求同学怎么样处置它。那么就说，把本子交给我。意思是说，让学生交给老师他们的本子，交给老师，就是对本子的处置。尤其是宾语比较长的时候，要是不用把字句听起来，你们会觉得很别扭。
Why teachers use “把”sentences? Because of its function. Sentence of “把”requires its object not only specific, but also requires it to emphasis on the effect of the object. For example, teachers stress on “handbook”, and ask students to deal with their handbooks. Then , he/she will say “Give me your handbook”, which asks students to hand in their homework. “Give it to teacher” is the way to deal with their handbooks. When object is long, if we don’t use “把”sentence, it’ll sound strange.
可以比较一下：
Compare with the two sentences:
请交给我你们的作业本子！
请把你们的作业本子交给我！
前一句显得生硬，虽然它的语法是正确的，但是中国人不会这么说。后一句就比较自然。
As to the first sentence, there’s no grammar mistake, but it is stiff. We Chinese never say like that. However, the latter sentence is more natural..
这是第一点，就是当我们要突出动词的受事，把它作为一个小话题，要谈论对它怎么样处置的时候，而且还要说明处置的结果是怎么样的，那么就可以用“把”字句。
First , when we want to stress on the object of the verb, and makes it as a small topic, and talk about how to deal with it and the result, we can use the sentence of “把”.
第二种情况：假如我们想要实现一个目的，如果需处置某一个事物才可以达到这个目的的话，那么我们就可以用“把”字句，把这个手段介绍出来。比如老师要讲“把”字句的时候，他可能会给同学们营造这样一个语言环境。比如，老师走进教室以后，他对大家说了一句：我觉得教室有点儿热。然后他就环视整个教室，好像在寻找什么解决热的问题的办法。然后，他就把视线落在空调机上。学生也会随着把视线落在空调机上。这时候，可能有的学生就会说：打开空调吧。针对这句子，老师会告诉学生：这样的句子里最好用“把”，突出空调，说成：把空调打开吧。这样我们可以感觉到：把空调是解决热的问题。而空调是一个我们关注的、很突出的问题。如果，当老师再把目光转向窗户，学生也就会说出：把窗打开吧。如果老师把目光转向门，学生就会说，把门打开吧。如果老师把目光落在老师自己的衣服上，聪明的学生就会说，您把外衣脱掉吧。
The second situation. We want to realize certain purpose. If we need to deal with something to realize it, then we can use “把”sentence. When teachers use “把”sentence, he may create a kind of atmosphere. For example, after entering the classroom, the teacher said that he felt a bit hot, and he looked around the classroom, which seemed that he was finding a solution. Then his sight fell on  air-condition, and students also looked at the air-condition. At this moment, some students may say “Open air-condition, please!” As to the sentence, teacher will say we ‘d better use sentence of “把” to emphasis on “air-condition”. The sentence is “把空调打开吧”.
So, we may feel that air-condition is the solution to become cool, and air-condition is our concern. If the teacher turned to the window, students will say “Open the window”. If the teacher turned to the door, students may say “Open the door”. If the teacher looked at his clothes, clever students may say “Put off your clothes, please!”
为了达到某一个目的，用“把”字句介绍出达到目的的手段，“把”字的作用是提示出实现这种手段的关键事物。
To realize certain purpose, we use sentence of “把” to introduce the method. The character “把” is to introduce the key thing to realize the method.
第三种情况是：如果要说明对上文已经出现的事物，打算进行或已经进行了怎样的处理，这时就可以用“把”字句。这也是把那个被关注的事物作为一个小话题来介绍的。比如：
The third situation. If we want to illustrate something appeared in the above context, which is being dealt with or has been dealt with, we can use this kind of sentence. And we introduce the concerned thing as a small topic. For example:
Yesterday morning, I caught a big fish. After taking it home, I neither give heart to eat, nor gave it to my neighbor. (昨天上午我钓到了一条大鱼，我把它带回来以后，既不忍心把它煮了吃掉，又舍不得把它送给邻居，于是我就把它养起来了。)
Therefore, I maintained it. Of course, in latter sentence, we can omit “把它”, if not omit, using “把”sentence is better. Another example,
A gangster robbed by wallet, but people caught him within minutes.( 歹徒抢了我的钱包，可是没有是分钟，群众就把它抓住了)Although, We can say “群众就抓住他了”，instead of “群众就把他抓住了”, “把”is better when we read.
What I talk about is a part of “把”sentences. To grasp this kind of sentence correctly and fully, we need learn more materials, think deeply and analyze deeply.