美政治学大师亨廷顿逝世:终年81岁

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天涯读书:文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建
美政治学大师亨廷顿逝世:终年81岁
DWNEWS.COM-- 2008年12月28日
哈佛大学网站12月27日消息,曾发表“文明冲突论”的美国著名政治学大师塞缪尔·亨廷顿(Samuel P.Huntington)日前在哈佛逝世,享年81岁。在哈佛大学网站发布的亨廷顿逝世的讣告说,亨廷顿于12月24日在麻萨诸塞州玛莎葡萄园(Marthas Vineyard)小岛去世。它没有说明杭亭顿去世的原因。
纽约时报报导,哈佛大学网站27日宣布,美国极有影响力的政治学家、《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》(The Clash of Civilization and theRemaking of World Order)一书的作者、哈佛大学教授亨廷顿已于24日去世,享年81岁。他有关“文明的冲突”的论述,成为冷战后美国外交的一个基本政策。
亨廷顿在哈佛大学任教58年后,2007年退休。哈佛大学说,亨廷顿是在本月24日在麻萨诸塞州玛莎葡萄园(Marthas Vineyard)小岛去世。它没有说明杭亭顿去世的原因。亨廷顿曾与人共同合写或编过17本书,大部份是有关美国政府、民主化、军事政治、军民关系和政治发展等。
亨廷顿最著名的是他相信,冷战后的世界暴力冲突将来自于文化和宗教的歧异,而不是国家间的意识型态差异。1996杭亭顿所出版的书「文明的衝突与世界秩序的重建」充份解释了他的这项看法。这本书曾被翻译成39种语言。
亨廷顿早年就读于耶鲁大学,后在芝加哥大学与哈佛大学获硕士与博士学位。历任哈佛大学政府学讲座教授、国际事务中心主任、政府学系主任,曾参与创办《外交政策》杂志,担任过美国国防部等部门的顾问,1977~1978年任美国国家安全委员会安全计划小组的负责人。1987年因在比较政治学领域中的贡献当选为美国政治学会主席。
亨廷顿运用比较历史的研究方法,全面深入地分析了发展中国家的政治现代化与政治发展的过程,从而奠定了他的政治发展理论的基础。他认为:国与国之间最重要的政治差异,不在于政府统治形式的不同,而在于政府统治程度的高低。
亨廷顿人物政治发展是“现代化的政治性后果”,这种后果可以是积极的,也可以是消极的,它既可能有助于社会经济文化的现代化,也可能导致政治的衰败。政治现代化取得成功的关键,在于政治的制度化。强有力的政党制度的形成是提高制度化水平的核心。只有大力提高政治制度化的程度,才可能缓解现代化中国家在社会经济现代化过程中必然出现的大众政治参与压力,从而确保现代化进程中的政治稳定。
亨廷顿的政治发展理论的基本特征之一,是强调在政治现代化进程中的政治稳定与政治秩序。他认为,“人类可以无自由而有秩序,但不能无秩序而有自由”,“权威的确立先于对权威的限制”。这实际上赋予政治稳定同政治民主同等的价值地位。
亨廷顿的理论对政治发展演进路线的阐述,对政治参与影响政治发展的分析,对政党发展与政治制度化之间关系的探究,有助于人们认识现代化中国家的政治现象,具有一定的理论价值。但他忽视了官僚制度在政治现代化进程中的作用,也忽视了这些国家过去的殖民地历史留下的深刻影响。著作有《变革社会中的政治秩序》、《现代社会中的专制政治》、《民主的危机》等。
亨廷顿去世
http://www.sina.com.cn  2008年12月29日00:16

 

 

 

 

 
其政治学说对美国和世界影响深刻
新快报讯发表“文明冲突论”的美国著名政治学者亨廷顿逝世,享年81岁。约翰·霍普金斯大学的政治学教授福阿德·阿贾米将他称作“可能是上半个世纪最具影响力和独创力的政治学家”。
由于罹患中风、心脏病和糖尿病,这位大学者早已卧床不起。去世前,他一直生活在马萨葡萄园岛的Windemere护理院,生活无法自理。与他结婚50年的妻子南希住在不远处一幢房子中,这幢房子就是用《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》一书的版税盖的。亨廷顿在哈佛执教期间,夫妻俩经常到该岛度夏。
2008年12月24日,亨廷顿逝世于马萨葡萄园岛。
平生从来反潮流
少年得意
1927年4月18日生于纽约市一个中产阶级家庭。他的父亲是一名旅馆业杂志的出版商,母亲是一位短篇小说作家。他的外祖父是当时美国颇有名气的“扒粪刊物”(专门揭发政界、商界丑闻内幕的杂志)《麦克卢尔》的合作编辑。
亨廷顿很早便显示出了他在社会科学方面的才华。16岁时他考入耶鲁大学,18岁时便以优异成绩提前毕业,加入美国军队。之后在芝加哥大学获得了硕士学位,并在哈佛完成其博士论文并取得学位,这一年他23岁。
此后他开始在哈佛执教,自1950年开始他便是哈佛大学政府学院的高级成员。亨廷顿在哈佛大学任教58年。
1951年杜鲁门总统因为麦克阿瑟将军不服从指挥而解除了他的职务。亨廷顿以此为由头写作出版了处女作——《士兵与国家:军民关系的理论与政治》(TheSoldier and the State:TheTheory and Politics of CivilMilitary Relations)。此书自1957年出版便一石激起千层浪,至今仍被视为最有影响力的关于美国国内军事关系的著作。在这本书的第一篇书评当中,批评家就指责这本书有军事主义色彩,让人联想起墨索里尼“信仰、服从、战斗”的口号。上世纪60年代,哈佛大学一些激进的学生在得知亨廷顿曾经在约翰逊政府内任职的消息后,占领并焚烧了他办公的哈佛大学国际事务中心,有人甚至在他的寓所门口涂上了这样的标语:“战争罪犯居住于此。”而作者本人也不得不暂时逃出哈佛暂避风头。
从不讨好
在上世纪60年代,他凭《变化社会中的政治秩序》(Political Order in Changing Societies)而享有盛誉。此书挑战了当时最为流行的现代化理论中的教条:经济和社会进步会给刚刚脱离殖民主义统治的独立国家带来政治稳定。
越南战争打破了亨廷顿平静的校园生活。作为美国国务院的谋士,他在1968年撰写了一篇长达百页的关于越南战争的报告,提出了在南越推行合村并寨的“战略村计划”并抨击了当时美国政府的战略。这些主张自然是左右不讨好,所以难怪他的办公室会被人焚烧,他被人骂做“战犯”了!
1977年至1978年间,他参与了白宫有关国家安全战略的决策过程并协调各项相关政策。
他于1993年发表文章,讲述后冷战时期的暴力冲突。亨廷顿之后将有关理论,辑录成影响深远的《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,书籍被翻译成39种语言,在全世界激起的反响一浪高过一浪。然而,“9·11”事件却使人们不得不又一次回到亨廷顿那里,尽管人们无法甘心接受他的观点和结论,但是在心底里还是忍不住会暗自佩服这个老头子目光的敏锐和思想的鲜活。
“9·11”事件后他又撰写出版了《我们是谁?》(Whoare we?),针对美国的移民问题大发议论,同样引起一片争议。
在某种程度上可以说,这代表了亨廷顿著作和文章的宿命:甫一问世便饱受争议,与各种奖项无缘,随着时间的推移,它们才会被广泛但又是勉强地接受。
幽灵学者
尽管在亨廷顿的同学之中有基辛格、布热津斯基这样的政界名流,他的学生之中也不乏弗朗西斯·福山、扎卡里亚(《新闻周刊》编辑)这样的当代精英,但是他本人却不愿在媒体上抛头露面。人们很难在电视访谈节目中看到亨廷顿的身影。他不是那种“媒体学者”,他的学术声誉是靠着十七本著作和一系列论文建立起来的。毫无疑问,曾经出任美国政治科学学会主席又是著名的《外交政策》杂志的创办人之一的亨廷顿是学术界的圈内人。但是他在写作的时候却宁可把自己当成一个局外人,故意以一种刺激那些最终会评判自己著作的专家们的方式讨论问题。亨廷顿曾经说过:“如果一个学者没有什么新东西的话,他就应该保持沉默。对真理的探求与学术争论是一回事。”
亨廷顿的思想画像
保守主义者+自由主义者=亨廷顿
在政治思想上,亨廷顿可以称得上是一个异类:他的心是属于自由主义的,而他的头脑则属于保守主义。这位被人称为“美国右翼政治思想家”的人物其实是民主党的终身党员。亨廷顿在1957年发表的文章《作为一种意识形态的保守主义》中解释了何为自由主义、何为保守主义。他写道,自由主义是一种宣扬个人主义、自由市场、法治的意识形态,而古典保守主义则并没有一种明确的主张,它是一种维护自由制度生存的理性。真正的保守主义在于维护已经存在的东西,而不应到国外四处讨伐或在国内引起激变。“美国的政治智慧不是从我们的观念,而是从我们的制度中体现出来的。最需要的不是创造更多的自由制度,而是成功地保护那些已经存在的制度。”这一思想在他的处女作《士兵与国家》当中得到了充分体现。
《士兵与国家》
灵感来自于当时美国社会发生的一件大事:1951年杜鲁门总统因为麦克阿瑟将军不服从指挥而解除了他的职务,亨廷顿敏锐地感觉到这件事实际上提出了一个大问题:在一个信奉自由主义的民主社会里,国家究竟应该与代表着保守主义的军队建立一种什么样的关系。从军事上看,一个民主国家可能比一个独裁国家作战更为出色,但是在面对一个技术精良的非自由主义对手的时候,一支真正自由主义的军队往往缺乏所必需的效率。亨廷顿认为,只有保守主义才能给职业军队带来活力。与流行观点不同,亨廷顿认为,军事保守主义并不必然是反动的。
《变化社会中的政治秩序》
凝聚的关于发展中国家的知识广度和分析洞见是惊人的,并确立了亨氏作为他同时代人中最杰出政治学家之一的声誉。首先,亨廷顿说,政治衰朽至少和政治发展一样可能发生。新近独立国家的实际经历是一种愈演愈烈的社会和政治混乱。其次,他提出,现代性中的好东西常常向交错的目标运动。特别是在社会动员超越政治机构发展时,新来者发现他们无法参与政治而产生挫折感。其结果便是反叛、军事政变以及政府失效。该书的结论是:经济发展和政治发展不是同一事物的严丝合缝的组成部分,并不必然导致政治稳定。
《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》
15年前,《外交事务》季刊发表亨廷顿的《文明的冲突?》一文。去掉问号的同名单行本在政治学界掀起一场风暴。很多人都拒绝相信,在冷战结束后,未来的冲突竟然会围绕如此老式的东西。就影响力而言,只有乔治·凯南在二战后用笔名“X”写的关于如何遏制苏联的文章堪与此文匹敌。“冲突的主要根源将是文化;各文明之间的分界线将成为未来的战线。”是该书的核心思想,也是亨廷顿最著名的预言。
Samuel Huntington, Political Scientist, Dies at 81
The New York Times
By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Published: December 27, 2008
BOSTON (AP) —Samuel P. Huntington, a political scientist best known for his views on the clash of civilizations, died Wednesday on Martha’s Vineyard. He was 81.
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Samuel P. Huntington taught at Harvard for 58 years.
His death was announced Saturday byHarvard University, where he taught for 58 years before retiring from active teaching in 2007. His research and teaching focused on American government, democratization, military politics, strategy and civil-military relations.
Mr. Huntington argued that in a post-cold-war world, violent conflict would come not from ideological friction between nations, but from cultural and religious differences among the world’s major civilizations.
He identified those civilizations as Western (including the United States and Europe), Latin American, Islamic, African, Orthodox (with Russia as a core state), Hindu, Japanese and “Sinic” (including China, Korea and Vietnam).
He made the argument in a 1993 article in the journal Foreign Affairs and then expanded the thesis into a book, “The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,” published in 1996. The book has been translated into 39 languages.
Mr. Huntington wrote 17 books, including “The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations,” published in 1957 and inspired by PresidentHarry S. Truman’s firing of Gen. Douglas MacArthur, and “Political Power: USA/USSR,” a study of cold war dynamics, which he wrote in 1964 withZbigniew Brzezinski.
His 1969 book “Political Order in Changing Societies” analyzed political and economic development in the third world.
Mr. Huntington was born on April 18, 1927, in New York City. He received a bachelor’s degree from Yale in 1946, served in the Army, earned a master’s from theUniversity of Chicago in 1948 and received a doctorate from Harvard in 1951.
Samuel Huntington, 81, political scientist, scholar
'One of the most influential political scientists of the last 50 years'
By Corydon Ireland
Harvard News Office
December 26, 2008

Samuel Huntington, Harvard Univeristy’s Albert J. Weatherhead University Professor.
Jon Chase/Harvard News Office
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Samuel P. Huntington - a longtime Harvard University professor, an influential political scientist, and mentor to a generation of scholars in widely divergent fields - died Dec. 24 on Martha's Vineyard. He was 81.
Huntington had retired from active teaching in 2007, following 58 years of scholarly service at Harvard. In a retirement letter to the President of Harvard, he wrote, in part, "It is difficult for me to imagine a more rewarding or enjoyable career than teaching here, particularly teaching undergraduates. I have valued every one of the years since 1949."
Huntington, the father of two grown sons, lived in Boston and on Martha's Vineyard. He was the author, co-author, or editor of 17 books and over 90 scholarly articles. His principal areas of research and teaching were American government, democratization, military politics, strategy, and civil-military relations, comparative politics, and political development.
"Sam was the kind of scholar that made Harvard a great university," said Huntington's friend of nearly six decades, economist Henry Rosovsky, who is Harvard's Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser University Professor, Emeritus. "People all over the world studied and debated his ideas. I believe that he was clearly one of the most influential political scientists of the last 50 years."
"Every one of his books had an impact," said Rosovsky. "These have all become part of our vocabulary."
Jorge Dominguez, Harvard's vice provost for International Affairs, described Huntington as "one of the giants of political science worldwide during the past half century. He had a knack for asking the crucially important but often inconvenient question. He had the talent and skill to formulate analyses that stood the test of time."
Huntington's friend and colleague Robert Putnam, the Peter and Isabel Malkin Professor of Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, called him "one of the giants of American intellectual life of the last half century."
To Harvard College Professor Stephen P. Rosen, Beton Michael Kaneb Professor of National Security and Military Affairs, "Samuel Huntington's brilliance was recognized by the academics and statesmen around the world who read his books. But he was loved by those who knew him well because he combined a fierce loyalty to his principles and friends with a happy eagerness to be confronted with sharp opposition to his own views."
Huntington, who graduated from Yale College at age 18 and who was teaching at Harvard by age 23, was best known for his views on the clash of civilizations. He argued that in a post-Cold War world, violent conflict would come not from ideological friction between nation states, but from cultural and religious differences among the world's major civilizations.
Huntington, who was the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard, identified these major civilizations as Western (including the United States and Europe), Latin American, Islamic, African, Orthodox (with Russia as a core state), Hindu, Japanese, and "Sinic" (including China, Korea, and Vietnam).
"My argument remains," he said in a 2007 interview with Islamica Magazine, "that cultural identities, antagonisms and affiliations will not only play a role, but play a major role in relations between states."
Huntington first advanced his argument in an oft-cited 1993 article in the journal Foreign Affairs. He expanded the thesis into a book, "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order," which appeared in 1996, and has since been translated into 39 languages.
To the end of his life, the potential for conflict inherent in culture was prominent in Huntington's scholarly pursuits. In 2000, he was co-editor of "Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress." And just before his health declined, in the fall of 2005, he was beginning to explore religion and national identity.
"His contributions ranged across the whole field of political science, from the deeply theoretical to the intensely applied," said Putnam, author of a lengthy appreciation of Huntington in a 1986 issue of the journal PS: Political Science and Politics. "Over the years, he mentored a large share of America's leading strategic thinkers, and he built enduring institutions of intellectual excellence."
And Putnam added a personal note. "What was most rare about Sam, however, was his ability to combine intensely held, vigorously argued views with an engaging openness to contrary evidence and argument. Harvard has lost a towering figure, and his colleagues have lost a very good friend."
Timothy Colton, the Morris and Anna Feldberg Professor of Government and Russian Studies at Harvard, remarked on his old friend's breadth of intellectual interests. He used the American political experience as a pivot point (Huntington's doctoral dissertation was on the Interstate Commerce Commission), but soon deeply studied a globe-spanning range of topics.
"He was anchored in American life and his American identity, but he ended up addressing so many broad questions," said Colton, who had Huntington as a Ph.D. adviser at Harvard in the early 1970s. "His degree of openness to new topics and following questions where they take him is not as often found today as when he was making his way."
Huntington's first book, "The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations," published to great controversy in 1957 and now in its 15th printing, is today still considered a standard title on the topic of how military affairs intersect with the political realm. It was the subject of a West Point symposium last year, on the 50th anniversary of its publication.
In part, "Soldier and the State" was inspired by President Harry Truman's firing of Gen. Douglas MacArthur - and at the same time praised corps of officers that in history remained stable, professional, and politically neutral.
In 1964, he co-authored, with Zbigniew Brzezinski, "Political Power: USA-USSR," which was a major study of Cold War dynamics - and how the world could be shaped by two political philosophies locked in opposition to one another.
Brzezinski, a doctoral student at Harvard in the early 1950s who was befriended by both Huntington and Rosovsky, was U.S. National Security Adviser in the Carter White House from 1977 to 1981. In those days, said Rosovsky, the youthful Huntington, though an assistant professor, was often mistaken for an undergraduate.
According to his wife Nancy, Huntington was a life-long Democrat, and served as foreign policy adviser to Vice President Hubert Humphrey in his 1968 presidential campaign. In the wake of that "bitter" campaign, she said, Huntington and Warren Manshel - "political opponents in the campaign but close friends" - co-founded the quarterly journal Foreign Policy (now a bimonthly magazine). He was co-editor until 1977.
His 1969 book, "Political Order in Changing Societies," is widely regarded as a landmark analysis of political and economic development in the Third World. It was among Huntington's most influential books, and a frequently assigned text for graduate students investigating comparative politics, said Dominguez, who is also Antonio Madero Professor of Mexican and Latin American Politics and Economics. The book "challenged the orthodoxies of the 1960s in the field of development," he said. "Huntington showed that the lack of political order and authority were among the most serious debilities the world over. The degree of order, rather than the form of the political regime, mattered most."
His 1991 book, "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century" - another highly influential work - won the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order, and "looked at similar questions from a different perspective, namely, that the form of the political regime - democracy or dictatorship - did matter," said Dominguez. "The metaphor in his title referred to the cascade of dictator-toppling democracy-creating episodes that peopled the world from the mid 1970s to the early 1990s, and he gave persuasive reasons for this turn of events well before the fall of the Berlin Wall."
As early as the 1970s, Huntington warned against the risk of new governments becoming politically liberalized too rapidly. He proposed instead that governments prolong a transition to full democracy - a strand of ideas that began with an influential 1973 paper, "Approaches to Political Decompression."
Huntington's most recent book was "Who Are We? The Challenges of America's National Identity" (2004), a scholarly reflection on America's cultural sense of itself.
Samuel Phillips Huntington was born on April 18, 1927, in New York City. He was the son of Richard Thomas Huntington, an editor and publisher, and Dorothy Sanborn Phillips, a writer.
Huntington graduated from Stuyvesant High School, received his B.A. from Yale in 1946, served in the U.S. Army, earned an M.A. from the University of Chicago in 1948, and a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1951, where he had taught nearly without a break since 1950.
From 1959 to 1962, he was associate director of the Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University. At Harvard, he served two tenures as the chair of the Government Department - from 1967 to 1969 and from 1970 to 1971.
Huntington served as president of the American Political Science Association from 1986 to 1987.
Huntington was director of Harvard's Center for International Affairs from 1978 to 1989. He founded the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, and was director there from 1989 to 1999. He was chairman of the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies from 1996 to 2004, and was succeeded by Jorge Dominguez.
Huntington applied his theoretical skills to the Washington, D.C., arena too. In 1977 and 1978, he served in the Carter White House as coordinator of security planning for the National Security Council. In the 1980s, he was a member of the Presidential Commission on Long-Term Integrated Strategy.
Huntington is survived by his wife of 51 years, Nancy Arkelyan Huntington; by his sons Nicholas Phillips Huntington of Newton, Mass. and Timothy Mayo Huntington of Boston; by his daughters-in-law Kelly Brown Huntington and Noelle Lally Huntington; and by his four grandchildren.
There will be a private family burial service on Martha's Vineyard, where Huntington summered for 40 years.
In the spring, there will be a memorial service at Harvard. Details are pending.