大学英语四级分类词汇表

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I like English,and you I think you 'll say you like it very much .Then how do you study English ,you must find something English to learn ,like English newspaper ,English book and so on ..So let's improve each other .I think you have had my E - mail ,you can write letters to my e-mail .Let's make friends each other ,OK (When you are writing the letter to me ,please write "FKYY " after you main title .)
英语四级常用短语汇总
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a series of 一系列,一连串
above all 首先,尤其是
after all 毕竟,究竟
ahead of 在...之前
ahead of time 提前
all at once 突然,同时
all but 几乎;除了...都
all of a sudden 突然
all over 遍及
all over again 再一次,重新
all the time 一直,始终
all the same 仍然,照样的
as regards 关于,至于
anything but 根本不
as a matter of fact 实际上
apart from 除...外(有/无)
as a rule 通常,照例
as a result(of) 因此,由于
as far as ...be concerned 就...而言
as far as 远至,到...程度
as for 至于,关于
as follows 如下
as if 好像,仿怫
as good as 和...几乎一样
as usual 像平常一样,照例
as to 至于,关于
all right 令人满意的;可以
as well 同样,也,还
as well as 除...外(也),即...又
aside from 除...外(还有)
at a loss 茫然,不知所措
at a time 一次,每次
at all 丝毫(不),一点也不
at all costs 不惜一切代价
at all events 不管怎样,无论如何
at all times 随时,总是
at any rate 无论如何,至少
at best 充其量,至多
at first 最初,起先
at first sight 乍一看,初看起来
at hand 在手边,在附近
at heart 内心里,本质上
at home 在家,在国内
at intervals 不时,每隔...
at large 大多数,未被捕获的
at least 至少
at last 终于
at length 最终,终于
at most 至多,不超过
at no time 从不,决不
by accident 偶然
at one time 曾经,一度;同时
at present 目前,现在
at sb's disposal 任...处理
at the cost of 以...为代价
at the mercy of 任凭...摆布
at the moment 此刻,目前
at this rate 照此速度
at times 有时,间或
back and forth 来回地,反复地
back of 在...后面
before long 不久以后
beside point 离题的,不相干的
beyond question 毫无疑问
by air 通过航空途径
by all means 尽一切办法,务必
by and by 不久,迟早
by chance 偶然,碰巧
by far 最,...得多
by hand 用手,用体力
by itself 自动地,独自地
by means of 用,依靠
by mistake 错误地,无意地
by no means 决不,并没有
by oneself 单独地,独自地
by reason of 由于
by the way 顺便说说
by virtue of 借助,由于
by way of 经由,通过...方法
due to 由于,因为
each other 互相
even if/though 即使,虽然
ever so 非常,极其
every now and then 时而,偶尔
every other 每隔一个的
except for 除了...外
face to face 面对面地
far from 远非,远离
for ever 永远
for good 永久地
for the better 好转
for the moment 暂时,目前
for the present 暂时,目前
for the sake of 为了,为了...的利益
for the time being 暂时,眼下
from time to time 有时,不时
hand in hand 手拉手 ,密切关联
head on 迎面地,正面的
heart and soul 全心全意地
how about ...怎么样
in a hurry 匆忙,急于
in case of 假如,防备
in a moment 立刻,一会儿
in a sense 从某种意义上说
in a way 在某种程度上
in a word 简言之,总之
in accordance with 与...一致,按照
in addition 另外,加之
in addition to 除...之外(还)
in advance 预先,事先
in all 总共,合计
in any case 无论如何
in any event 无论如何
in brief 简单地说
in charge of 负责,总管
in common 共用的,共有的
in consequence (of) 因此;由于
in debt 欠债,欠情
in detail 详细地
in difficulty 处境困难
in effect 实际上,事实上
in general 一般来说,大体上
in favour of 支持,赞成
in front of 面对,在...前
in half 成两半
in hand 在进行中,待办理
in honour of 为庆祝,为纪念
in itself 本质上,就其本身而言
in line with 与...一致
in memory of 纪念
in no case 决不
in no time 立即,马上
in no way 决不
in order 按顺序,按次序
in other words 换句话说
in part 部分地
in particular 特别,尤其
in person 亲自,本人
in place 在合适的位置
in place of 代替,取代,交换
in practice 在实践中,实际上
in proportion to 与...成比例
in public 公开地,当众
in quantity 大量
in question 正在谈论的
in regard to 关于,至于
in relation to 关于,涉及
in return 作为报答/回报/交换
in return for 作为对...报答
in short 简言之,总之
in sight 被见到;在望
in spite of 尽管
in step 齐步,合拍
in step with 与...一致/协调
in tears 流着泪,在哭着
in the course of 在...期间/过程中
in the distance 在远处
in the end 最后,终于
in the event of 如果...发生,万一
in the face of 即使;在...面前
in the first place 首先
in the future 在未来
in the least 丝毫,一点
in (the)light of 鉴于,由于
in the way 挡道
in the world 究竟,到底
in time 及时
in touch 联系,接触
in turn 依次,轮流;转而
in vain 徒劳,白费力
instead of 代替,而不是
just now 眼下;刚才
little by little 逐渐地
lots of 许多
many a 许多
more or less 或多或少,有点
next door 隔壁的,在隔壁
no doubt 无疑地
no less than 不少于...;不亚于...
no longer 不再
no more 不再
no more than 至多,同...一样不
none other than 不是别的,正是
on one's guard 警惕,提防
nothing but 只有,只不过
now and then 时而,偶尔
off and on 断断续续,间歇地
off duty 下班
on a large/small scale 大/小规模地
on account of 由于
on (an/the) average 平均,通常
on behalf of 代表
on board 在船(车/飞机)上
on business 因公
on condition that 如果
on duty 上班,值班
on earth 究竟,到底
on fire 起火着火
on foot 步行,
on guard 站岗,值班
on hand 在场,在手边
on occasion(s) 有时,间或
on one's own 独立,独自
on purpose 故意地
on sale 出售,廉价出售
on schedule 按时间表,准时
on second thoughts 经重新考虑
on the contrary 正相反
on the grounds of 根据,以...为由
on (the) one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
on the point of 即将...的时刻
on the road 在旅途中
on the side 作为兼职/副 业
on the spot 在场;马上
on the whole 总的来说,大体上
on time 准时
once again 再一次
once (and)for all 一劳永逸地
once in a while 偶尔
once more 再一次
once upon a time 从前
one another 相互
or else 否则,要不然
or so 大约,左右
other than 非;除了
out of 从...中;由于;缺乏
out of breath 喘不过气来
out of control 失去控制
out of date 过时的
out of doors 在户外
out of order 出故障的
out of place 不适当的
out of practice 久不练习,荒疏
out of sight 看不见,在视野外
out of the question 毫无可能的
out of touch 不联系,不接触
over and over (again) 一再地,再三地
prior at 在...之前
quite a few 相当多,不少
rather than 不是...(而是)
regardless of 不顾,不惜
right away 立即,马上
side by side 肩并肩,一起
so far 迄今为止
sooner or later 迟早,早晚
step by step 逐步地
such as 例如,诸如
thanks to 由于,多亏
that is (to say) 就是说,即
to the point 切中要害,切题
under control 处于控制之下
under the circumstances 这种情况下
up to date 在进行中
up to 多达;直到;胜任;取决于
what if 切合目前情况的
what about 怎么样
with respect to 如果...将怎么样
with regard to 关于,至于
without question 关于,至于,
with the exception of 除...之外
without question 毫无疑问
word for word 逐字的
留学期间常用词汇
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A.A. /A.S. ----Associate in Arts/Associate in Science degree(准文学士/准理学士):由社区院(Community College)或专科院校(Junior College)在学生修完两年普通课程后授给
的学位.
Academic Adviser (导师):在学习上帮助学生并为其提供咨询的教师.他们还在学生选课过程中给予协助.
Academic Probation (留校察看),一般简称为"probation"(试读以观后效):学生由于学业成绩不佳,可受留校察看处置,如果试读一段时间,仍然没有起色(如,分数没有提高),即行开除.
Academic Year(学年):正常授课期,通常为9月到第二年6月份.各学校自行规定一学年分为两学期(semester),三学期(trimester),还是四学期(quarter).
Accreditation(立案):由全国都承认的鉴定机构对一个学校,教育单位和/或其中某个项目的非官方性质的认可.一个学校和教育单位是否立案关系到学生攻读学位期间一个学校(或单位)的学分能否得到另一个学校(或单位)的承认,也是学生获得专业证书(professional certification)或许可证(licensure)的先决条件.
Add Card(增选课程证):一种正式印制(一般是用计算机打印)的卡片,持有此证的学生,在学期的一定期限内,可增选课程.
Advanced Placement or Advanced Standing(免修):根据学生以前的学习或经历(往往是学生在特设考试中的成绩),允许学生免修某些获得大学本科学位(undergraduate degree)一般必须的课程.
Advance Registration(提前选课):提前一个学期选修某些课程.
Alumna, Alumnus(校友):曾在同一座学校就学或毕业者均可称校友,前者(alumna)为女性(复数alumnae),后者(alumnus)为男性(复数alumni).
Assignment(课外作业):老师指定,必须在规定期限内完成的课外作业.
Assistantship(助理金):向研究生(graduate student)提供的一种学习补助金,获得助理金的研究生必须做某种教学或实验室工作(作为教学助理teaching assistant)或研究工作(作为研究助理research assistant).
Audit(旁听):随班听课,不计分数或学分,收费标准和要求一般与正式选课同.
Bachelor's degree(学士学位)
B. A.----Bachelor of Arts degree(文学士):高等院在学生修完四年(个别情况下是五年)本科文学艺术或人文科学课程后授给的学位.
B.S.----Bachelor of Science degree(理学士):高等院校在学生修完四年(个别情况下是五年)本科科学,数学或工程技术课程后授给的学位.
Blue Book(蓝皮作文本):蓝封面的空白划格小本,作为考试时用,大学办的书店里均可买到.
Bulletin(大学情况介绍):参阅"College Catalog"(大学概况手册)栏目.
Bursar参阅Treasurer(高等院校的财务主管或司库)栏目.
Cafeteria(自助食堂):自助餐厅,由学校或某个私人承包商经营.
Campus(校园):大学或学院所在地.
Carrel(专设桌):图书馆在书库里为个别读者进行研究提供的阅读桌.
Cashier(出纳员):高等院校司库或财务主任办事处中的工作人员,负责所有各项付费事宜.
Certificate(证明文件):以合格成绩完成某个通常为一期至两年的特定技术学习项目后所获得的证书.
Class(班,级或届):"Class"一词可以有多种解释.(1)"班",根据同一课程表在同一讲师或教授指导下上课的一群学生;(2)"级",同一学年的学生,如一年级(freshman class),二年级(sophomore class),三年级(junior class),四年级(senior class);(3)"届",某一特定年份毕业的学生,如"九七届"("The Class of 1997").
Class Card(听课证):一种正式颁发的卡证,一般是用计算机打出,持证者得以到某课堂听课.
Class Rank(年级名次):表示一个学生学习成绩在毕业年级(graduating class)的排列名次或比率.在由一百名学生组成的年级中排列第一的学生的年级名次为1/100,排列最后则为100/100.年级名次也可以百分比表示,如前百分之二十五(the top 25 percent),后百分之五十(the lower 50 percent).
College(学院):开设大学本科课程(undergraduate program)的高等院校,通常为四年制,授予毕业生文,理科学士学位(the bachelor's degree in the arts or sciences (B. A. or B. S.)).有时,此词也泛指中等教育完成后的所有高等院校.
College Catalog(大学概况手册):学院或大学的正式出版物,介绍本校的课程,设施(诸如实验室,学生宿舍等),入学条件和学生生活.
Community or Junior College(社区学院或专科院校):开设两年制课程的高等院校,授给两年制文,理科毕业生准文学士或准理学士学位(associate degree in the arts or sciences (A. A. or A. S.))或者技术学位(technical degree).授给学士学位的四年制高等院校通常承认在社区学院或专科院校获得的学分.学习两年制课程的学生一般准备将来从事职业性质的或技术性质的工作.进入社区学院和专科院校通常要求拥有中学毕业文凭或具有同等学历.
Conditional Admission(试读):并不符合全部入学条件而暂准接受入学的学生,在一定期限内给以试读的机会,直到具备录取条件.
Consortium(大学协作):几所距离不远的大学和/或学院结成协作关系.学生可以扩大选课范围,共同使用图书馆书刊资料,并共享各种教育机会.
Cooperative Education(合作教育):一种工作与学习高度结合的项目,学生在某个学年的整个学期以全部时间投入其中,以获取本人专业领域的实践经验.
Core Curriculum(核心课程,基础课程):高等院校设置一批各种主题领域的本科课程,作为攻读某一学位学生必修的课程,也称"Required Courses"(必修课程).
Course(课程):按预定计划进行的课堂教学,在一个学期中每周安排一至五课时(也可能是五小时以上).一项授给学位的课程总是由特定数目的必修课程(Required Courses)和选修课程(elective courses)组成,各校的规定各不相同.学校开设的课程通常都有指定的名称和代号(如数学101),以示区分.
Course Load(课程负担):学生一个学期登记选读课程的总数.
Course Number(课程代号):指定给某个课程的代号,如"化学103".
Cram:考试前最后一段时间集中精力死背硬记,为应付考试而临时抱佛脚.
Credits(学分):高等院校用来记录学生完成获得学位所必修的课程(及格或更高分)的单位.各学院或大学的概况手册中都阐述了授给各种学位所要求的学分数和学分种类,并以每门课程"学分"----或"学分课时"("credit hours"),"学分积点"("credit points")----的多少来说明各门课程的价值.
Cut(旷课):未获准许的缺课.
Dean(院长):大学附属的专业研究生院或学院(professional school or college of a university)的院长.系主任(Director of a department)也称作dean.
Dean's List(优秀生榜):系里或院里每个学期公布一份本学期获得优秀成绩的正规本科学生名单,榜上有名者都是优秀生.
Degree(学位):学院,大学或专业研究生院(professional school)授给完成规定学习课程学生的文凭或学衔.
Department(系):学校,学院或大学中根据专业学科划分的行政分支(如英语系,历史系).
Discussion Group(研讨组):学生就教授的讲课内容,与教授或教学助理一起,分组进行讨论.
Dissertation(博士论文):就本人原创的研究课题撰写的论文,通常为授与博士学位的最后要求之一.
Doctorate (Ph. D.)(博士学位):大学对在获得学士和/或硕士学位后修满至少三年研究生课程,并在口,笔试和以博士论文形式提交的独创性研究中表现出学术才能的学生颁发的最高学位.
Dormitories(学生宿舍):大学或学院校园内专供学生使用的住房设施.一般的学生宿舍包括学生卧室,盥洗室,数人合用的休息室,有时还有自助餐厅.
Drop Card(休课证):正式印制的卡证,一般由计算机打出,持有此证的学生可在某个规定时间之前退出某项课程而不受处罚.
Dropout(退学生):离校且在近期内不会有返校学习的意向的学生.
Electives(选修课):与必修课相对而言,学生在争取学位时可"自由选择"拿学分的课程.
English As A Second Language (ESL):供母语不是英语的人学习用的英语课程.
Evening College(夜大):正规学院的分支,主要供已参加工作的成人业余学习大学课程.
Extracurricular Activities(课外活动):是学生正常生活的一部分而非正规的课堂教学活动,如:业余体育活动,学生社会活动,跳舞,参加俱乐部等.
Faculty(全体教师):学校中的全体教师,有时指全体教职员工,负责制订学校开设的课程
计划.
Fees(杂费):除学费(tuition)外,学校对提供各项服务的收费.
Fellowship(研究生奖学金或研究基金):通常向研究生提供的奖学金或研究基金.
Final:期终考试或课程终结考试.
Financial Aid(财政资助):泛指向学生提供的各种资金,贷款,部分时间工作.
Foreign Student Adviser(外国学生咨询顾问):与校方联系,负责在下列方面向外国学生介绍情况并给予指导的人,这些方面为:美国政府规定的各项规章制度,学生签证,学校的各种规章制度,社会习俗,语言,经济或住房问题,旅行计划,保险和某些法律问题.也称作"国际学生咨询顾问"(International Student Adviser).
Fraternity(男大学生联谊会):男大学生参加的社会活动组织,成员通过邀请参加,一般限于本科学生.有时同一联谊会的成员同住一大屋,称为fraternity (or "frat") house.
Freshman(一年级生):高中或大学本科的一年级学生.
Grade(分数):对学生学业的评价.
Grade Point Average(平均积分点):缩写为GPA,一种根据各科成绩的平均数记录学习成绩的制度,计算时用每门课所获分数乘学分课时(credit hours).
Grading System(评分制度):美国的学校,学院或大学一般用字母来表示学生学习成绩的优劣:A(优),B(良),C(中),D(中下)和F(不及格).大学本科生升级通常必须获得C或C以上的成绩,研究生则必须获得B或B以上成绩.有时也使用P(通过),S(尚可)和N(无学分)这样评分制度.在分制中100分为最高分,70分或65分通常为最低及格线.
Graduate(毕业生,研究生):修满高中或大学课程的学生,其中研究生也称Post graduate.大学中的研究生课程通常指为已获得学士学位的学生开设的课程.
Grant (赠款,补助金,学生定期津贴):给大学本科学生或研究生的补助金或津贴.
Grant-in-Aid(助学金):根据经济情况需要发给学生的补助金,与学业成绩是否优良无关.
Honor Fraternities (优秀生荣誉组织):大学中学业成绩优秀或服务出色学生的荣誉组织,按希腊字母称呼.
ID (Identification Card)(身份证):证明该证持有者是学生的卡片.该证一般由学院或大学校方在注册登记时发给,在校园内外(特别是校内)是证明身份的一种重要方式.
Incomplete (未完成):对课程的一种临时评分法,给予成绩虽然合格,但学期结束时未能完成该门课程学业者.该学生未完成原定的学业,必须说出站得住脚的理由,并且必须在导师规定的期限内补完,否则最终将以"F"或"不及格"评分.
Independent Study(独立学习):学生独立学完某特定课程或完成某研究课题,从而获得学分."独立学习"一般都在指导教师监督下进行,往往是对主修科目成绩优良学生的一种嘉奖.
Interdisciplinary Major(跨学科主修课):综合学习两种或多种学科(discipline)或系(academic department)的学习项目.例如"拉丁美洲研究"就必须综合学习历史系,文学系和政治系的课程.
Junior(三年级生):高中,学院或大学的三年级学生.
Leave of Absence(准假):准许学习成绩优良的学生请假一段时间,然后继续学业.
Lecture(讲课):学院和大学课程的普通教授法.教授在由二十名到几百名学生组成的课堂上讲课,辅之以由助教指导的定期小组讨论.
Liberal Arts(或"Liberal Arts and Sciences",或"Arts and Sciences")(文理科):泛指人文学科(语言,文学,哲学,艺术),社会科学(经济学,社会学,人类学,历史学,政治学)和自然科学(数学,物理,化学)各学科.
Loan(贷款):给学生预支一定数额的款项,以便他们能够完成学业,要求学生离校后以现金或劳务逐步偿还.
Lower Division(低年级):大学本科一,二年级.
Major(主修科目):学生集中攻读的科目或专业领域.大学本科生通常在头两年学习文理科普通课程,然后再选择一门主修科目.
Master's Degree(硕士学位):高等院校向在获得学士学位后修满至少一年课程并达到一定学术要求的学生颁发的学位.
Matriculate(录取):由大学或学院正式招收入学.
Mid-term(期中考试):学期中间举行的考试.
Minor(副修科目):学生学习时集中攻读程度仅次于主修科目的学科或专业领域.
Multiple-choice Exam(多项选择测验):一种形式的试题,每个问题后面均附有两个或两个以上的答案,学生必须从中选择一个正确答案.
Non-matriculated student(不拿学位的学生):大学或学院的学生,入学时即明确不拿学位,又称"non-degree"student.
Nonresident(非本地居民):在拥有公立大学或学院的州或城市不符合本地居民条件的学生.公立大学或学院对本地居民和非本地居民所收的学费以及所采取的录取办法可能有所不同.外国学生通常归类为非本地居民,以后也几乎没有可能改为本地居民身份以减少学费.多数公立学校不允许持学生护照的外国学生归类为本地居民学生.
Open-book Exam(开卷考试):允许学生参考教科书的考试.
Oral Exam(口试):教授口头提出问题,学生口头回答问题的考试,换句话说,用口头而不是书面答题.
Pass/Fail grading System:只记"通过"satisfactory ("pass")或者"不通过"unsatisfactory ("fail"),不记成绩等级的评分法.
Placement Test(安置考试):测验学生某一学科的学术能力,以便安排学生上该学科适当课程.有时可根据这种考试的成绩给予学生学分.
"Prelims"(预试):"Preliminary Test"的缩写.由一个教授委员会主持的口试,考生必须通过这一考试才有资格攻读博士学位."预试"主要是评估考生对他攻读博士学位的学科领域具备何种知识水平.
Prerequisites(先修科目):学生在学习更高一级课程之前必须修完的项目或课程.
Probation(试读):参阅"Academic Probation"(留校察看)栏目.
Professor Emeritus(荣誉教授):有时授予退休教师的一种学衔(academic title).
Professional School(专一研究生院):专门攻读工商管理,医科,牙科,法律之类专业的研究生院.
Quarter(一学年四学期制的学期):为时十至十二周.
Quiz(测验):书面或口头小型测验,不像考试那样正式.
Recommendation, Letter of (也称"Personal Recommendation","Personal Endorsement"
或"Personal Reference"(推荐信):由了解申请人品质,学习水平,工作水平的教授或雇主撰写的评价申请人资格的信.
Registrar(教务主任):保存学生学业记录(academic records)的学校行政负责人.
Registration(注册选课):选择本学期要上的课程.
Required Courses(必修课程):学生为获得特定学位所必须学习并取得合格成绩的课程.
Research Paper(研究论文):书面报告,阐述研究成果和独创见解.
Residence Hall(学生宿舍):与"Dormitories"同义.
Scholarship(大学本科生奖学金):通常向大学本科生提供的一种奖学金形式的经济资助,可以是免修学费和/或学杂费.
Semester(一学年两学期的学期):为时十五至十六周,通常相当于半学年.
Seminar(研讨课):专供大学本科四年级生和研究生学习的一种小组教学形式,把独立研究与教授指导下的课堂讨论结合起来.
Senior(四年级生):高中,学院或大学的四年级学生.
Sign-up Sheet(报名单):登记参加某项活动的一种非正式办法.对某项活动感兴趣的人可在一张专用名单上签名("sign up")表示参加.
Social Security Number (SSN)(社会保险号码):美国政府为个人编的号码,用于在其工资中扣除老年,遗眷和残疾保险费,同时也用于有关的税款事宜.任何有固定工作的人或有银行帐户的人都必须有这样一个号码.许多学校把社会保险号码作为鉴定学生身份的号码.
Sophomore(二年级生):高中,学院或大学的二年级生.
Sorority(女大学生联谊会):女大学生参加的社会活动组织,成员一般限于本科学生.有时同一联谊会的成员同住一屋.
Take-home Exam(课外考试):学生可把试题拿回家或宿舍完成的书面考试.
Test(考试):也即Examination.任何衡量学生学习进展情况的程序.
Thesis(论文):学士学位或硕士学位候选人撰写的,包含某一特定课题研究成果的书面文章.
Transcript(成绩单):记载学生所学课程名称,学分数和每门课程最后分数的经证明的学业清单.正式的成绩单还写明授与学位的日期.
Trimester(一学年三学期制的学期):为时十六周,每学年可分为时间大致相等的三个学期.
True-false Exam(是非题考试):一种形式的试题,答案写在考卷上,学生只需标明"对"或"错"即可.
Tuition(学费):学校对教学和培训的收费(不包括书费).
Undergraduate(大学本科生):高中毕业后进入学院或大学尚未获得学位的人.
Unit(学分):与"Credit"同.
University(大学):通常由一所或一所以上四年制,颁发学士学位的学院(undergraduate college),一所颁发硕士和博士学位的文理科研究生院(graduate school of arts and science) 和一些专业研究生院(graduate professional school)组成的高等学府.
Upper Division(高年级):大学本科三,四年级.
Withdrawal(休学):休课或离开学校.
Zip code(邮区编码):邮寄地址中表明收信人在美国哪个邮区的系列数字(或是五个,或是九个).
汽车词汇——Automobile
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汽车品牌 汽车术语
Benz, Mercedes-Benz 奔驰
Cadillac 卡迪拉克
Chrysler 克莱斯勒
Chevroler 雪佛莱
Citroen 雪铁龙
Ford 福特
Honda 本田
Mazda 马自达
Mustang 野马
Porsche 保时捷
Renault 雷诺
Rolls-Royce 罗尔斯罗伊斯
Santana 桑塔纳
Toyota 丰田
Volvo 沃尔沃, 富豪
Volkswagen 大众
first gear 一档
second gear 二档
reverse 倒车档
two-stroke engine 二冲程发动机
diesel 柴油机
limousine 豪华轿车
drophead 活动车篷汽车 (美作:convertible)
racing car 赛车
saloon 轿车 (美作:sedan)
roadster 敞蓬车
wecker, beat-up car, jalopy 老爷车
notchback 客货两用车
four-wheel drive 四轮驱动
front-wheel drive 前轮驱动
trailer 拖车
station wagon 小旅行车
truck 卡车
compact car 小型汽车
light-van 小型货车
garbage truck 垃圾车
automobile carrier 货运卡车
fire engine 消防车
tractor 牵引车
ambulance 救护车
taxi 出租车, 计程车
trailer truck 拖车
sports car 跑车
formula car 方程式赛车, 方程式汽车
mail car 邮车
jeep 吉普车
bloodmobile 血浆车
bumper car 碰撞用汽车
camper 露营车
police car 警车
wrecker 清障车
ambulance 急救车
英语近义词辨析
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近义词---Wait,Await
Wait(v.)----"等候","等待".指某事发生之前停留在原地,不采取行动.
通常此词作为不及物动词而和for连用.
Await(v.)----"等候","期待".书面语.特指对于断定必来的人或事的不断的期待.后接受词.
例:We can wait here until he comes.
我们可以在此地等候他来.
How long have you been waiting
你等多久了
How long have you been waiting for me
你等我多久了
We are anxiously awaiting your reply .
我们正焦急地等候你的来临.
She was at the door awaiting him.
她在门口等候他.
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近义词---Wither, Fade
Wither(v.)----"枯萎","凋谢".指因无活力而失去生气.
Fade(v.)----"凋谢","褪色".多指颜色的逐渐消失,有时也作"暗淡"讲.
例:The flowers have withered away.
花凋谢了.
Her hopes withered.
她的希望渐渐幻灭了.
Will this color fade
这颜色会褪吗
The blue rug has faded over the year.
那块小蓝地毯经过多年已褪色了.
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近义词---Wild, Fierce, Savage
Wild(adj.)----"野蛮的","未驯服的".普通用语.指野性的,无节制的行为,无发怒或严厉之意.
Fierce(adj.)----"凶暴的".指易怒的和有凶暴脾气的人或动物.
Savage(adj.)----"野蛮的","残酷的".表示不开化,或缺乏感情的控制力.
例:Some wild horses still live in the valley.
一些野马还栖息在这个山谷里.
Is the sac and Fox Indian tribe a wild one
袋与狐部落是野蛮部落吗
He was a fierce fighter.
他是一个勇猛的斗士.
The fierce robbers come down from the mountains.
凶恶的匪徒从山上下来.
I have never met such savage manners.
我从未见过如此粗暴无礼的举止.
He has a savage temper.
他性情野蛮.
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近义词---Waste, Garbage, Junk, Refuse, Rubbish, Trash
Waste(n.)----"废物".普通用语.指任何被遗弃的东西.
Garbage(n.)----"废物".指厨房里丢弃的剩余物.
Junk(n.)----"废物".指用坏了地,无价值的废弃物.
Refuse(n.)----"废物,垃圾".泛指一切毫无用处,毫无价值的废物或垃圾.
Rubbish(n.)----"垃圾,废物".指体积较小,破碎的,没有用的废物,和可收集起来进行处理的弃物,
间或指愚蠢无用的话语和思想.
Trash(n.)---- "废物".指小型无价值的杂物,或无价值作品.
例:Industrial waste must be prevented from polluting our rivers.
必须阻止工业废物污染河流.
There is too much waste in this house.
这一家人太浪费了.
The park is covered with old cans and other forms of garbage.
公园里到处都是旧罐头盒和其它各种垃圾.
Waiters put their leftovers in the garbage can.
侍者把残羹剩饭倒入泔脚桶里.
The whole room is full of junk.
整个屋子堆满了废弃物品.
Their mother enlisted them to remove junk for a trash pickup.
他们的母亲在指挥他们清除破烂,好让垃圾车运走.
The refuse was unloadedat the city dump.
垃圾卸在市垃圾场.
Throw the refuse in the garbage can.
把垃圾扔进垃圾桶里.
The rubbish must be thrown away.
这些垃圾必须扔掉.
He is talking rubbish.
他在说废话.
Gather up the leaves and put them with the rest of the trash.
把树叶堆积起来,与其它废物放在一起.
Don't waste your time reading that trash!
别浪费你的时间读那个毫无价值的东西!
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近义词---Walk, Stride, Stroll, Plod
Walk(v.)----"走".普通用语.是中性词.指以正常速度走路.
Stride(v.)----"走".指大步行走,并且步伐均匀.
stroll(v.)----"走".指为了消遣而慢慢地步行.
Plod(v.)---- "走".指缓慢而吃力地走.
例:Let us walk in the park for a while.
让我们在公园里散会儿步.
We got off the bus and walked the last few blocks.
我们下了公共汽车,走过最后几个街区.
She turned and strode off.
她转身大步走开了.
The soldiers are striding with a dignified gait.
士兵们正昂然阔步而行.
They are strolling players.
他们是流浪艺人.
A huge crowd strolled down Fifth Avenue in the Easter Parade.
一大群人在复活节游行时走过第五街.
The poor old man plods along,hardly able to lift each food.
这可怜的老人吃力地走着,几乎都抬不动脚了.
The old horse plodded up the road.
老马在路上缓步而行.
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近义词---Waiter,Servant, Attendant
Waiter(n.)----"侍者".指饭店,旅馆,餐室里的男侍者.女侍者是waitress.
Servant(n.)----"仆人","佣人".指为工资,膳宿在别人家干活的人.
Attendant(n.)----"仆人",侍从".指跟随某人并为其服务的人.
例:Waiters and waitresses work in restaurants ,hotels, cafe and snack
bars.
男女服务员在餐馆,旅 馆,咖啡馆,快餐馆里招待顾客.
While we were waiting for the coffee, the head waiter came up to
us bearing a large basket full of huge peaches.
当我们在等咖啡的时候,那个领班侍者拎来满满一大蓝子特大的桃子.
The millionaire had a staff of 30 servants.
这个富翁有仆从30名.
In poor countries, live-in servants are present in home not only
of the wealthy but also of middle-ciass families.
在贫穷国家,不仅富裕家庭,而且中等阶级家庭也有常住的佣人.
The queen was always surrounded by her attendants.
女王身边总有仆从跟随.
The attendants went out backwards.
随从倒退着出了房间.
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近义词---Vocal, Oral, Spoken, Colloquial
Vocal(adj.)---"发声的".指拥有发音的能力.
Verbal(adj.)---"言辞的".正式用语.指笔头表达.非正式英语中也表示口头表达.
Oral(adj.)---"口语的".指口头表达和交流.
Spoken(adj.)---"口语的".指口头表达和交流,此时与oral一词无区别,
但spoken可以构成复合形容词,表示以一种特定方式讲话.
Colloquial(adj.)---"口语的".指普通的,非正式的通俗语言.
例:The snake is not a vocal creature.
蛇不是发声动物.
He was very vocal in his objections.
在反对时他嗓门很大.
Let's have oral practice.
让我们作口头练习.
You had an oral examination, didn't you
你考了口试,是吗
This word is used in spoken language.
这个词用于口语.
She is a soft-spoken woman.
她是一个说话柔和的女人.
This is a colloquial expression.
这是通俗用语.
He studies English colloquial style.
他研究口语体的英语.
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近义词---View, Scenery, Scene, Sight
View(n.)---"景色".普遍用语.指目中所望见的景色.
Scenery(n.)---"景色","外景".指一个地方乃至一个国家的整个外景或外貌.
Scene(n.)---"景色".可与view通用,但多包括了其中的人及其活动.
Sight(n.)---"光景".多指人工的事物,比如大建筑史迹等有名的处所.
例:There is a fine view of the mountain from our hotel window.
从我们旅馆的窗口可以看到秀丽的山景.
It was our first view of the ocean.
这是我们第一次看见海洋.
The scenery of this country is unparalleled.
这个国家的风景无与伦比.
The train moved slowly south through flat, drab mainline scenery.
火车穿过干线两侧风景单调乏味的地区,缓缓地向南驶去.
The boats in the harbour make a beautiful scene.
港中的船只构成美丽的景色.
The scene of sunset was very beautiful.
日落的景色是非常美的.
We will go and see the sights of New York.
我们要去看看纽约的名胜.
The Imperial Palace is one of the sights of China.
故宫是中国名胜之一.
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近义词---Victory, Triumph
Victory(n.)---"胜利","战胜".主要指战争上的胜利,也指竞赛中所获的胜利.
Triumph(n.)---"大胜","凯旋".指卓越的,一往无前的胜利或成功.
例:The victory is not yet decided.
胜败尚未决定.
The officers led their men to victory in battle.
军官们率领士兵在战斗中取得了胜利.
We finally won a diplomatic triumph.
我们终于赢得了外交的胜利.
Perhaps that was to be my greatest moment of triumph!
也许那将会成功之最伟大时刻!
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Vibrate, Sway, Swing, Rock
Vibrate(v.)---"摇动","震动".指一种快速而不断的震动.
Sway(v.)---"摇动","摆动".指有弹力的东西被压弯后又恢复原位的摆动.
Swing(v.)---"摇动","摆动".指任何一头固定而另一头活动的动作,也泛指不正规的动作.
Rock(v.)---"摇动","摆动".指轻微的摇动,也指剧烈的摇摆.
例:The whole house vibrates whenever a heavy lorry passes.
每当重型货车经过时,整个房子都会震颤.
Dick's heavy footsteps upstairs make the old house vibrate.
迪克在楼上沉重的脚步弄得那旧房子直颤动.
The branches of the tree swayed in the wind.
树枝迎风摇晃.
His resolution swayed after the first failure.
在第一次失败之后他的决心就动摇了.
The pendulum stopped swinging.
钟摆停止了摆动.
The lantern hanging overhead swung in the wind.
吊在高处的灯在风中摇动.
Mother is rocking her baby into sleep.
母亲在摇她的婴儿入睡.
The earthquake rocks houses.
地震使房屋震动.
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Vest, Waistcoat
Vest(n.)---"背心","马甲".美国用语.
Waistcoat(n.)---"背心","马甲".英国用语.也用于英国的商业.
例:He takes off his coat to reveal a bright red vest.
他脱下上衣,露出一件鲜红的马甲.
Jimmy is wearing a vest under a coat.
吉米在上装里面穿着一件背心.
The sleeves of a pale blue waistcoat came only to her elbows.
一件淡蓝色马甲的袖子只垂到了她的臂弯处.
He left off his waistcoat as soon as he came into the room.
他一进屋就脱掉了他的马甲.
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Vessel, Container
Vessel(n.)---"容器".指盛装液体的用具.
Container(n.)---"容器".指盛装固体或液体的日常用具.
例:A heat exchanger, in a narrow sense, is a vessel.
从狭义来说,换热器是一种容器.
He began putting the sacred vessels away.
他开始把供热器收拾起来.
I couldn't find my soap container.
我找不到我的肥皂盒了.
Another thousand metres along the the coast stood the fat silver
containers at Whitegate.
顺海岸再过去1000米,在怀特盖特,矗立着一些巨大的银色储油罐.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vertical, Upright
Vertical(adj.)---"直立的".指与水平面垂直或大致垂直.
Upright(adj.)---"直立的".指与一平面大致垂直,强调非倾斜性.可用于比喻.
例:Please notice, it is a vertical line.
请注意,这是一条垂直线.
The cliff rose in a vertical wall from the sea.
悬崖峭壁矗立于海面之上.
Several columns among the ruins still stood defiantly upright.
废墟中几根柱子依然顽强竖立着.
He is an upright citizen.
他是一位品格端正的公民.
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Version, Translation
Version(n.)---"翻译","译文","译本".指同一作品的不同译本.
Translation(n.)---"翻译","译文","译本".普通用语.指把作品从一种语言译成另一种语言.
例:There are many versions of the Bible.
圣经有许多不同的译本.
I have never read the King James version of the Bible.
我从未读过詹姆士国王钦定的圣经英译本.
I have read a Japanese translation of Hamlet.
我读过哈姆雷特的日文翻译本.
All quotations from Latin texts are given in translation.
所有引自拉丁语本的引文都经过翻译.
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Vanquish, Conquer, Overcome
Vanquish(v.)---"克服".指快速完全彻底地打败对手,有"胜利已成定局"的意思.
只可用于人.
Conquer(v.)---"克服","征服".常有控制或占有的含义,但并没有彻底而完全征服的意思.
Overcome(v.)---"克服".普通用语.指克服任何必须克服的东西.
例:He vanquished his opponent.
他一举打垮了他的对手.
The king's army vanquished the rebels.
国王的部队一举击败了叛乱者.
The Norman conquered England in 1066.
诺曼人在1066年征服英国.
Man can conquer nature.
人能征服自然.
You must overcome your bad habits.
你必须克服你的坏习惯.
The fire was completely overcome by daybreak.
黎明时大火已被完全扑灭.
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Valuable, Precious
Valuable(adj.)---"值钱的","有价值的".指价值巨大, 出售就可得高价;
也可表示意义或作用的重大.
Precious(adj.)---"贵重的","宝贵的".指因稀罕或来之不易,
或具有极大价值而非常值钱,
有时也指一个人对某件物品特别喜爱.
例:Mrs Forester has a valuable diamond.
弗雷斯蒂夫人有一颗贵重钻石.
It is a valuable discovery.
这是一个有价值的发现.
That old toy bear is precious to John.
那只旧的玩具熊对约翰来说特别珍贵.
She owned many precious jewels.
她拥有许多贵重珠宝.
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Kindle, Fire, Ignite, Light
Kindle(v.)---"点燃".强调着火的迟缓和困难.
Fire(v.)---"点燃".通常指火的突然爆发.
Ignite(v.)---"点燃".限于用在指通过某种方法使物体升温而迅速或猛烈燃烧.
Light(v.)---"点燃".强调点燃后的结果,如光亮热力或烟火等.
例:This wood is too wet to kindle.
这些柴太湿了, 很难点着.
The sparks kindled the dry wood.
星火燃着了干木.
It took several bundles of twigs to fire the logs.
点燃这些大块圆木需要好几捆枝材.
He fired a baystack.
他点燃了一个草堆.
An electric spark ignites the petrol in a car engine.
电火花点燃了汽车引擎.
Petrol ignites very easily.
汽油极易点燃.
She lighted the lamps.
她点着了那些灯.
It's time to light up.
该开灯了.
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Kind, Sort, Species, Type, Category
Kind(n.)---"种类".指同种类的东西.
Sort(n.)---"种类".指大体相似的东西, 有时用于贬义判断.
Species(n.)---"种类".指相同种类的生物.
Type(n.)---"种类".指不太明确类别的划分,有主观判断之意.
Category(n.)---"种类".正式用语.指对材料或图书等进行分析而划分的种类.
例:This is the best kind of pen.
这是最好的一种钢笔.
I can feel at home in this kind of room.
在这样的房间里我感到象在家里一样.
What sort of food do you like best
你最喜欢吃什么食物
I will make no attempt of the sort.
我不愿做这种事.
This is an extinct species of fish.
这是一种已经灭绝的鱼.
Blackmail is a species of crime which we all hate.
恫吓勒索是我们大家憎恨的一种罪行.
The horticulturist developed a new type of rose.
园艺师培育了玫瑰的一个新品种.
Her beauty is of the Italian type.
她的美是意大利型的.
Put it there, it belongs to that category.
把它放在那儿,它属于那一类.
Place these books in categories, please.
请把这些书分门别类地进行整理.
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Kill, Assassinate, Execute, Dispatch, Murder, Slay, Slaughter
Kill(v.)---"杀","杀死".普通用语.指任何一种致死行为.
Assassinate(v.)---"暗杀".指出于政治目的进行的暗杀行为.
Execute(v.)---"处决".指依据法律,判处死刑.
Dispatch(v.)---"杀死".指采用直接方法,如刺,射击等手段杀死,强调迅速.
Murder(v.)---"谋杀","凶杀".指非法地有目的的杀害他人.
Slay(v.)---"杀死","杀害".指残酷地打死或用武器杀死.现多用过去分词slain.
Slaughter(v.)---"屠杀".尤指为肉食而屠杀;还指错杀或残酷地杀死很多人.
例:Two people were killed in a car accident.
在一次车祸中有两人丧生.
The frost killed the flowers.
霜把花冻死了.
President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963.
肯尼迪总统于1963年在达拉斯被暗杀.
Martin Luther King was assassinated by a white people.
马丁路德金是被一个白人暗杀的.
Nathan Hale was executed as a spy by the British in 1776.
1776年,内森黑尔被英国人当作间谍处决了.
Mussolini was caught by Italian guerrillas on April 27, 1945,
while trying to escape to Switzerland and executed after a brief
trial.
1945年4月27日,墨索里尼试图逃往瑞士时,被意大利游击队抓获,经简短审讯之后,即被处决.
The injured horse was dispatched by its owner.
受伤的马被他的主人杀死了.
The executioner quickly dispatched the condemned man.
行刑者迅速将该犯处决了.
According to the historians he murdered his rival in cold blood.
根据历史学家考证,他蓄意杀死了他的竞争对手.
It is said that one person was murdered on the beach.
据说一个人在海滩上被谋杀了.
The slain man has not yet been identified.
被杀的人至今还未被查出身份.
He was slain in battle.
他战死在沙场.
Many cattle and sheep are slaughtered here.
这儿屠宰了许多牛羊.
Tens of thousands were slaughtered on the battlefields of
Macedonia.
成千上万的人在马其顿战场上被杀死了.
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Keen, Acute, Penetrating, Sharp, Shrewd
Keen(adj.)---"锐利的".普通用语.一般指刀或尖的锋利.
用于比喻时,指看穿一切事物,含有慧眼耳聪和机敏之意.
Acute(adj.)---"尖锐的".一般指角的形状.用于比喻时,指思维敏捷.
Penetrating(adj.)---"锐利的".强调透过细节调查事物根源的能力.
Sharp(adj.)---"锐利的".普通用语.一般指刀的锋利.用于比喻时,强调有洞察力,有时含不诚实的意味.
Shrewd(adj.)---"锐利的".表示谙于世故,遇事老谋深算,有看穿一切事物内情的能力.
例:He is a keen politician.
他是个厉害的政治家.
Tom keeps a knife with a keen edge.
汤姆有一把锋利的小刀.
He is an acute observer.
他是一个敏锐的观察家.
This is not a right angle, but an acute one.
这不是直角,而是锐角.
The professor gave us a penetrating analysis of the play.
教授给我们作了一次深刻的剧本分析.
Premier Zhou has an extremely penetrating mind.
周总理头脑异常敏锐.
The knife is not sharp enough and need grinding.
这刀不快,需要磨了.
I have a sharp mind for figures.
我头脑聪明,善于计算.
He is too shrewd to trust in bussiness matters.
他在商业事务上太精明了,不能信赖.
He is a shrewd politician.
他是个精明的政客.
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Jump, Leap, Skip, Spring
Jump(v.)---"跳","跃".普通用语.泛指从地面跳起,或从一平面跳下.
Leap(v.)---"跳起","跳跃".指连跑带跳,有姿势轻快活泼和优美之意.是书面语.
Skip(v.)---"跳","跃".指轻快灵巧的跳跃,比如孩子们或小动物的欢蹦乱跳.
Spring(v.)---"跳","跃".指有力和有弹性的突然跳跃.
例:They jumped for joy when they heard the news.
他们听到这消息,高兴得跳了起来.
It is dangerous to jump off a moving train.
火车在行驶时跳下来是很危险的.
They leaped lightly over the stream.
他们轻捷地跳过了小溪.
The young deer were leaping about in the meadow.
小鹿在草地上到处跳跃.
Girls like to skip rope.
女孩喜欢跳绳.
Lamps like to skip across the meadow.
小羊喜欢在草地上欢蹦乱跳.
A boy sprang from his seat.
一个男孩突然从座位上跳了起来.
He sprang out of bed when the alarm went off.
听到警铃响,他从床上跳下来.
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Journey, Excursion, Expedition, Tour, Trip, Travel, Voyage
Journey(n.)---"旅行","旅程".普通用语,指陆地上的远程旅行.
Excursion(n.)---"旅行".较正式,指海上或陆地上的短期外出.
Expedition(n.)---"旅行".指为某一特定目的而组织的艰巨而危险的远征.
Tour(n.)---"周游".指途中在许多地方作短暂停留的观光游览.
Trip(n.)---"旅行".指来往有定的短距离旅行,
强调在路上所花的时间和所走的路程.
Travel(n.)---"旅行".惯用复数形式.泛指旅行各地,
表示旅行的路途远,时间长.
Voyage(n.)---"旅行".常指距离较长的海上旅行, 也可指太空旅行.
例:At first I was afraid the long journey would be too much for her.
起初我担心她不能行这样远的路.
I wish you a good journey.
(祝你)一路平安.
The family made a weekend excursion to a camp ground.
全家周末去宿营地旅行.
The whole excursion took ten hours.
整个短途旅游花了十个小时.
My brother was once a member of the mount Everest Expedition.
我弟弟曾是珠穆朗玛峰登山队的队员.
Our country has sent several parties of people on an expedition to
Antarctic.
我国已派了几队人到南极探险.
We went on a guided tour of Italy that included stops at
Milan,Venice,Florence and Rome.
我们在导游的带领下游览了意大利, 包括米兰,威尼斯,佛罗伦萨和罗马.
They are now making a bridal tour.
他们正在新婚旅行.
I go to work by train, and the trip takes 40 minutes.
我坐火车上班, 路上花40分钟.
I can't afford a trip to Europe.
我负担不起去欧洲旅游的费用.
This trip was cancelled because of the snowstorm.
因为暴风雪, 旅行取消了.
The travels of Marco Polo is one of the most interesting books that
I have ever read.
马可波罗的游记是我生平读过的最有意思的一本书.
Is he back from his travels yet
他游历回来了吗
He made a long ocean voyage to Africa.
他远航去了非洲.
We made a rough voyage from London to Australia.
我们作了一次从伦敦至澳大利亚的艰苦航行.
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Jail, Prison
Jail(n.)---"监狱".英国的拼法为goal.在英国指民事监狱,
在美国指收容犯有轻罪的人或未经判决的人的收容所看守所等;
现在也指监狱.
Prison(n.)---"监狱".指大型的监狱.是指监禁判刑的罪犯等待受审的嫌疑犯俘虏等的地方.
例:They have Birdsong in jail.
他们把伯德押在牢里.
The court committed a prisoner to jail.
该法庭将罪犯投入监狱.
The thief was sent to prison for a year.
那个小偷被判处一年监禁.
He came out of prison.
他出狱了.
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Utter, Express, ronounce
Utter(v.)---"说出".指发出任何听得见的声音.强调发出的声音具有突然性和爆发性.
Express(v.)---"说出".指用语言表达自己的思想或感情.
Pronounce(v.)---"说出","发音".可表示人的发音,或具有发音能力;在正式场合中,指宣读宣判等.
例:She uttered a scream of terror when she saw a snake.
当她看见一条蛇时, 发出了一声害怕的尖叫.
The old man uttered a sigh in the dark room.
在漆黑的屋子里老人发出一声叹息.
It can not be expressed by words.
无法用语言来表达它(不可言传).
Can you express yourself in English
你能用英语表达你的意思吗
My baby can pronounce this word without any difficulty.
我孩子读这个词没有任何困难.
I now pronounce judgement on the issue.
我现在宣布对这一问题的意见.
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Use, Consume, Expend, Employ, Utilize
Use(v.)---"用","使用".普通用语.指事物时有消费的意义,指人时,对这个行动表示强烈的不赞成.
Consume(v.)---"用".表示用尽,耗尽,指用在自己身上.
Expend(v.)---"用".与consume同义,但多指付出的方向.
Employ(v.)---"使用".较正式用语.指人时有"雇用"的意思;也可用于物,但无消费之意.
Utilize(v.)---"使用".强调使用有益的方面.
例:The company now uses a computer to do all its accounts.
该公司现在使用一台电脑处理一切账目.
He uses every means to prevent it.
他用各种方法阻止它.
They asked how many bottles of wine he consumed in one year.
他们打听他一年里喝了多少啤酒.
We consumed much time and energy in writing this book.
我们写这本书消耗了很多时间和精力.
He lived high and expended largely.
他生活奢侈,花销很大.
She expended all her capital on equipment.
她将所有资本用于设备.
The mill employed a thousand workers.
这家工厂雇用了一千名工人.
You could employ your spare time better.
你可以把业余时间利用得更好些.
To avoid an oil shortage more machines must utilize solar energy.
为了避免石油短缺,更多的机器必须使用太阳能.
Can we utilize straw as fodder
我们能利用稻草作为饲料吗
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Yet, Already
Yet(adv.)---"已经".与Already一样均用于谈论某一特定时间之前可能完成的某项动作.
Yet只用于否定句和疑问句中.
Already(adv.)---"已经".常用于肯定的陈述句中,也可用于疑问句以表示惊奇.
例:Has the bell rung yet --- It has not rung yet.
已经敲钟了吗 --- 还没有.
I've started learning Greek, but I haven't got very far yet.
我已经开始学习希腊语,但只是刚刚入门.
John hasn't done much work yet, but Anne has already finished.
约翰还没做多少工作,可是安妮已经做完了.
Have you finished lunch already It's only 12 o'clock.
你已经吃过午饭了吗 刚刚12点.
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Zero, Cipher, Nil, Nought
Zero(n.)---"零".普通用语.是指没有数量和大小等意义时人们喜欢用的词.
Cipher(n.)---"零".指0-9的任何一个阿拉伯数码,表示"无"时,具有象征意义.
Nil(n.)---"零".多用于体育或新闻领域.
Nought(n.)---"零".美语为naught,在字面意义上与cipher同义.
例:His chances of success sank to zero.
他成功的机会降到了最低点.
It was fifteen degrees below zero.
气温是零下十五度.
One followed by two ciphers is 100.
一的后面跟两个零是一百.
I can't bear such a cipher any longer.
我再也不能忍受这样一个无用的人了.
The result of the game was three-nil.
比赛结果是三比零.
The new machine reduced labor costs to almost nil.
新机器把劳动力的成本几乎降到零.
My effort came to naught.
我的努力终成泡影.
0.01 is usually read point nought one.
0.01通常被读作 point nought one.
实用英语构词法
http://www.cycnet.com/englishcorner/vocabulary/words.htm
语法
English Grammar
英语主语和谓语动词在数方面的一致关系
一,主谓一致
主谓一致有许多原则,概括起来不外乎三种一致原则,即语法形式一致,概念一致(语言内容上一致),毗邻一致(谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致).
1. 语法形式一致
(1)单数主语,单个动词不定式,动名词短语以及句子作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式.复数主语,用and或both…and连接的动词不定式短语,动名词短语以及主语从句作主语,谓语动词则用复数形式.例如:
1) The performance was very funny.
2) Serving the people is my great happiness.
3) Whether we'll go depends on the weather.
4) Many natural materials are becoming scarce.
5) Both you and I are students.
6) What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.
注1:在what 引导的主语从句中,如果主语补语是复数时,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:
What we have to learn are the pieces of language that produce inversion.
注2:修饰语对主语的数不起影响.例如:
The performance of the first three clowns was very funny.
(2)由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面,不能看作是并列主语,该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响,主语如是单数,其谓语动词仍然用单数形式.例如:
1) My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office.
2) The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV.
3) His sister no less than you is wrong.
4) The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.
注:有时在with结构里,加上both之后,with就具有and含义.例如:
Grandpa Wang with his son, both looking very happy, are taking a walk in the park.
(3)有些代词只能指单数可数名词,当它们在句子中作主语时,尽管在意义上是多数,谓语动词仍要用单数形式.这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等.例如:
1) Neither likes the friends of the other. (两人都不喜欢对方的朋友.)
2) Everything around us is matter. (我们周围的所有东西都是物质.)
(4)在neither of与either of的结构里,一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式,但在美国的TOEFL考试内要求用单数形式.例如:
1) Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.
2) Has either of them been seen recently
(5)当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事,and后的名词前没有冠词,谓语动词应该用单数形式;在and后面的名词前有冠词,谓语就用复数形式.例如:
1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast. (早饭供应黄油面包.)
2)The bread and the butter are on sale. (正在出售黄油和面包.)
(6)当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式.例如:
1)One of those students has passed the examination.
2)A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.
(7)form of, type of, kind of 结构的谓语视form, type与kind的单复数而定.these/those kind/type of后是复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:
1) The kind of books an author writes depends on the kind of man who he is.
2) Some new types of cars are now on show.
3)These kind of recorders are good.
(8)由one and a half + 复数名词作主语时,谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定.例如:
One and a half apples is left on the plate.
(9) 由the majority of + 名词作主语时,谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定.例如:
1) The majority of the damage is easy to repair.
2) The majority of criminals are non-violent.
(10)plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可数与不可数名词作主语时,不可数名词的谓语只用单数,可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定.例如:
1)Half of this building is to be completed by spring.
2)Half of the buildings have been painted completely.
3)There is plenty of water in the pail.
4)There are plenty of eggs in the box.
5)There is loads of milk on the farm.
6)There are loads of big red apples on the ground.
注:当名词前有其他量词修饰时,谓语动词的单复数形式通常取决于量词.例如:
1)Row upon row of soldiers is marching towards us on the field.
2)A body of volunteers has been organized to aid the helpless in their struggle for survival.
(11)由all of, most of, a lot of, some of, none of, plenty of , the rest 等 + 名词作主语时,谓语动词的单数形式应与名词一致.例如:
1)None of the books satisfy the students.
2)None of this meat is fit to eat.
3)All of the research work was designed by the chief engineer.
4)All of the students are against the plan for an outing at this time of the term.
(12)由more than one (或more than one + 单数名词),many a + 单数名词作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式.例如:
1)More than one student has passed the examination.
2)Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.
注:如果more than后面是复数名词,则谓语动词要用复数.
例如:More than two hundred students have attended the lecture.
(13)quantity of + 不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式; quantities of + 可数与不可数名词,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:
1)Great quantities of milk are needed in this city.
2)There is a large quantity of milk.
(14)如果名词词组中心词是"分数或百分数 + of + 名词",谓语动词的单,复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单,复数形式.例如:
1)Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed.
2)Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.
(15)定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致.例如:
1)He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.
2)"Keep cool" is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.
注:当one之前有the only等限定词修饰时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式.例如:
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.
2.概念一致(语言内容上一致)
(1)有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, orchestra(管弦乐队), group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等,它们作主语时,谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定.如果它们作为一个集体单位时,动词用单数形式,如就其中的各个成员来说,则谓语用复数形式.例如:
1)His family is going to move.
2)His family are very well.
3)The public is / are requested not to leave litter in the park.
注:如这类词后跟有定语从句时,定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则,强调具体成员时,谓语动词用复数,关系代词用who; 强调整体时,谓语动词用单数,关系代词用which.例如:
1)The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.
2)The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.
(2)有些表示总称意义的名词,形式上是单数,而意义上却是复数,谓语动词要用复数形式,如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry(家禽)等.例如:
1)Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.
2)The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.
(3)有些名词形式上是复数,而意义上却是单数.如news, means, works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称,如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等,它们作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式.例如:
1)Politics is a complicated business.
2)Here is the news.
(4)用and连接的单数主语,前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式.复数主语与each连用时,应不受each的影响,谓语动词仍用复数形式.例如:
1) Each pen and each paper is found in its place.
2) Every boy and girl is treated in the same way.
3) Many a boy and many a girl has seen it.
4) The old workers and the young each have their own tools.
(5)表示重量,度量,衡量,价值的复数名词作主语,谓语动词常用单数形式.例如:
1) Twenty miles is a long way to walk.
2) Three pints isn't enough to get me drunk.
(6)国家,单位和书报的名称,作为一个单一的概念,其谓语动词要用单数形式.例如:
1)War and Peace is the longest book I've read.
2)General Motors has recently closed down a plant. (通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂.)
(8)the +形容词作主语时,如主语指的是一类人,谓语动词用复数形式;如果指的是单个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式.例如:
1) The blind are taught trades in special schools.
2) The departed was a good friend of his.
3.毗邻一致(就近原则)
(1)由连词or, neither…or, either…or, not only … also, nor等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则,与贴近它的主语一致.例如:
1) He or you have taken my pen.
2) Either you or he is no telling the truth.
3) Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.
(2)在there be 的结构中,谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则.例如:
1)There is a desk and four benches in the office.
2)There are two chairs and a desk in the office.
二,指代一致
指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称,数,性等方面与所指的词保持一致.
1.人称一致
(1)当代词指代名词或另一个代词时,须在人称上与所指代的词保持一致.例如:
1)I recognized one of the girls, but I didn't speak to her.
2) That woman said that she was over fifty.
3) They asked whom they should apply to.
(2)当代词指代集合名词时,用单数人称代词强调整体,用复数人称代词强调个人.例如:
1) The committee have discussed their report on the disaster.
2) The audience are raising their hands to signify their approval.
(3)当everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主语时,相应的代词一般采用单数形式.例如:
1) If anyone calls, tell him I'll be back later.
2) Everyone thinks he is the center of universe.
注:在非正式文体中,特别是在会话体里,常用代词的复数形式是为了故意不具体说出所指的那个人的性别.例如:
1) Has anybody brought their camera
2) No one could blamed themselves.
(4)由neither … nor, not only … but also, either … or, not … but, or等连结的并列主语,其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词.例如:
1) Neither you nor I am wrong, are we
2) Both Tom and Jack came, didn't they
2.性,数,格一致
(1)代词的性一般仅限于第三人称.例如:
1) China will always do what she has promised to do.
2) The boy stood at the door with his hat in his hand.
(2) 当or或nor连接阳性名词或阴性名词时,代词一般和近者保持一致.例如:
1) Neither John nor Mary has got what she wanted.
2) If you should see Mary or Thomas, tell him the news.
(3)单数名词由and连接时,相应的代词一般用复数形式.例如:
1) Food and rent are more expensive than they used to be.
2) Jim and Mary spoke on the subject as if they were experts.
3.应注意的问题
(1)当句子的主语是one, 并要在句子中多次出现时,一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后面将出现的one或one's;当one在句子中泛指人时,在反意疑问句中也可用you来代替.例如:
1) One should never blame his friends when he friends when he finds himself in trouble.
2) One can't be too careful, can you (one)
English Grammar
虚拟语气一直都被认为是英语学习中的一个难点,因此也便成为了各类考试的热点.现就虚拟语气的一些问题归纳如下,以帮助解决拟语气这个语法难点.
一, 动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1. 用wish表示现在的祝愿和报歉.
其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式.例:I wish the were at home this time.
2. 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾.
其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时或could+现在完成时.例:I wish I hadn' t hurt him so much.
3. 用wish表示对将来事情的愿望.
其句子结构为宾语从句的谓语为would/could/might+动词原形.例:I wish I might be able to come tomorrow .
二, 用在一般虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气
(一) 表示与现在,过去,将来事实相反的假设
1. 与现在事实相反的假设.
其句子结构为:
从句:if+主语+动词的过去式(be变were)+其他
主句:主语+would(should, could, might)+动词原形+其他
例:If I were you, I would go with him.
2. 与过去事实相反的假设.
其句子结构为:
从句:If+主语+过去完成时+其他
主句:主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他.例:If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.
3.表示对将来事实实现的可能性不大的假设.
其句子结构为:
从句:If+主语+should (were to )+动词原形+其他
主句:主语+would (could, should, might)+动词原形
例:If he were to go tomorrow. He might tell you.
(二) 从句和主句要根据各自发所生的时间选用符合具体时间的虚拟语气形式
1. 从句表示过去,主句表示现在.
If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
2. 从句表示将来,主句表示过去.
If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.
3. 从句表示过去,主句表示将来.
If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week.
4.从句表示将来,主句表示现在.
If we shouldn' t have an exam this afternoon. I would go shopping now.
三, 可以引起与事实相反的方式状语从句,用虚拟语气
由as if,as though引起的与事实相反的句子,不论主句的谓语是现在时或者说过去时,其谓语表示的时间概念和句子结构,都基本上与wish后的宾语从句相同.例:
John pretends as if he didn' t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.
(用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设)
The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.
(用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实)
They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+动词原形,表示与将来事实相反)
四,在表示建议,命令,要求,忠告等动词的后面,其宾语从句的谓语用"should+动词原形"表示虚拟语气
常用的此类动词有:
表示"要求"的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示"提议,劝告,建议"的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示"决定,命令"的:decide, order
表示"主张"的:maintain, urge
表示"同意,坚持"的:consent, insist
例:The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
上述动词的名词形式,demand, desire, requirment, advice, order, decision, recommendation, suggestion, 以及necessity, preference, plan, motion, idea等名词,其后的表语从句或同位语从句,也用"should+动词原形"表示虚拟语气.现代英语,特别是美国英语,常省去"should",例:
The advice is that we (should) leave at once.
He idea that we (should)visit Great Wall was warmly welcomed.
五,在"It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……"结构中,主语从句的谓语也用"should+原形动词"表虚拟语气
美国英语中省去should, 常用的形容词和过去分词有:
表示"要求"的:required, demanded, requested, desired, desirabl.
表示"建议"的:suggested, recommended,
表示"迫切,紧近,重要"的:imperative, urgent, necessary, essential, important, vital
表示"适当,较好"的:appropriate, advisable, better, preferable
表示"可能"的:probable, possible
表示"命令"的:ordered
例:It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.
It is required that nobody (should)smoke here.
六,由下列名词或短语引导,或含有某些词的从句中应用的虚拟语气
1."Iest 以免,惟恐"引导的从句用"shuld+动词原形".
He took a map with him lest he (should ) lose his wag there.
2."whether不管,无论"引导的让步状语从句,有时用动词原形.
All things, whether you know or don' t know, exist in the world.
3.用"would rather/had rather' would just as soon"表示"宁愿,但愿",后面的宾语从句谓语用过去式或动词原形表示对将来的要求,用过去时表示对现在的愿望,用过去完成时表示对过去做的事的懊悔.
Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
I would rather you go tomorrow.
I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
4.用"had hoped"表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情,其宾语从句的谓语用"would+动词原形".
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.
5.在"It is(high/about)time+that"引导的定语从句中,定语从句的主谓语用一般过去时,偶尔也可以用would(或should)+动词原形,或had rather (would rather)+动词原形.
It is hihg (about)time that we left/should leave/ had better leave/had rather leave/ were leaving.(注意与"This is the first/second…time"后从句中用现在完成时的区别.
6.用"without/but for/in the absence of "表示"要不是","如果没有"(相当于if it were not for…)表示条件时,句中一般用虚拟语气.(也可用陈述语气)
Without your help, I couldn' t finish my work on time.
In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.
7.由"providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order that"引导的条件从句或目的从句,根据情况,可用虚拟语气.(有时也可用陈述语气)
They are willing surrender provided they are given free passage.
8.在if引导的虚拟条件句中,若有were, had, should, 在书面语中可省去if ,将were等提到主语前,形成倒装.
Should there be a good film tomorrow. I would go to the theatre with you.
Were it not for your help. I wouldn' t be succeed.
English Grammar
非谓语动词的一般式和完成式
非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生,非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前.
1.动词不定式
例1:A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生)
例2:All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)
例3:He is said to have studied English for three years. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)
注:动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面,表示未实现的行为.例如:
1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. (我本想把这本书邮寄给你的.)
2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的,但是他病了.)
2.动名词
例1:I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)
例2:We enjoy watching colour TV. (与谓语动词动作同时)
例3:He forgot having promised to write things for us. (非谓语动词动作发生在前.)
3.分词
例1:Singing a song, he came into the room. (非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生)
例2:Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)
非谓语动词的比较
1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较
(1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的,一般的,时间概念不强,不是指某一次的动作;而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为.例如:
1)I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today.
2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.
3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening
(2)动词不定式的逻辑主语,常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词;而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词,也可能是泛指一般人物,在句子里是找不着的.例如:
1)I hate to be sitting idle. (我不想闲坐着.)(指自己)
2)I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说.)(可能指自己,也可能泛指一般人)
(3)有些词后既可接动名词亦可接动词不定式,但意义不同,如stop, remember, forget, neglect, omit, dislike, detests, begin, continue, start, regret, intend, attempt, propose等.例如:
When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking. (talking 是宾语,指停止讲话这个动作)
When the teacher came in, the students stopped to talk. (to talk是目的状语,指停下前一动作来进行talk)
Remember, forget doing something (指已做过的事)
Remember, forget to do something (指未做过的事)
2.动名词和现在分词在用法上的区别
(1)作定语的区别.分词往往表示它所修饰的词所做的动作,即逻辑主语是它所修饰的词;动名词往往表示与它所修饰的词有关的动作,即所修饰的词不能充当逻辑主语.例如:
the raging storm (= the storm that is raging) (狂暴的风雨)(分词)
scorching heat (= heat that is scorching) (炙人的热气)(分词)
sleeping car (= a car for sleeping) (动名词)
working method (= method of working)(动名词)
(2)作表语的区别.分词作表语时保持它的形容词特征,动名词作表语时保持它的名词特征.动名词作表语时常可与主语互换位置,分词则不行.例如:
The novel is interesting. ( 现在分词)
My job is teaching English. (动名词)
(3)作状语的区别.分词具有副词特征,可以直接用作状语;动名词不具有副词特征,不能单独作状语,只有与介词结合时才能作状语.例如:
1) Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station. (分词作状语)
2) Given another chance, I'll do it much better. (分词作状语)
3) After finishing his homework, he went to the reading-room. (动名词与介词一起作状语)
4) On coming in she laid a file of documents upon the table. (动名词与介词一起作状语)
3.动词不定式作宾语补语和现在分词作宾语补语的区别
动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作,而分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行.例如:
1)Just then he heard someone sing in the next room. (在那时,他听见有人在隔壁房间里唱歌.)
2)Just then he heard someone singing in the next room. (在那时,他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌.)
English Grammar
动词的时态
英语共有16种时态,根据近几年曝光的四,六级考卷分析, 时态测试重点主要有:完成时态——现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时;进行时态——现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,完成进行时;一般时态.
一,一般时态
1,一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词 usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等连用.例如:
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如:
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定,计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等.例如:
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如:
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You'll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的,可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词,短语或从句连用.例如:
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示过去习惯性动作.例如:
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
3.一般将来时
1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态.例如:
I shall graduate next year.
2)几种替代形式:
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情.例如:
I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有"必要"的强制性意义.例如:
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情.例如:
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事, 必定发生的事.例如:
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing 强调即将发生的某种事态.例如:
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二,进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用.例如:
Don't disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作, 常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用.例如:
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情.具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词.即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词.常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等.例如:
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示"感觉,感情,存在,从属"等的动词.如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词).但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态.例如:
1)Tom looks pale. What's wrong with him
(look 在此为联系动词,意为"显得,看上去")
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look 在此为实义动词,意为"寻找")
2. 过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用.例如:
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3. 将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作.常用来表示礼貌的询问,请求等.例如:
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening
4. 完成进行时
(现在,过去,将来)完成进行时是(现在,过去,将来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述.
三,完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作.它可分为:
1. 现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用).例如:
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等.例如:
1)I haven't been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn't enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中:
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句.如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时.例如:
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2. 过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成.例如:
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望,预期,意图或愿望等没有实现.例如:
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away.
另外两种表示"过去想做而未做的事"的表达方式是:
1)was / were + to have done sth, 例如:
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如:
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时.例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时.例如:
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时.例如:
The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.
3. 将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测.常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:by (the time / the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等.例如:
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o'clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4. 完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时.
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻.例如:
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven't found it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻.例如:
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻.例如:
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四:时态一致
时态一致是英语四,六级考试的一个重要内容.通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态.一般原则是:
1,当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
"Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house " "Yes, but I don't know who bought it."
"There's a lot of excitement on the street."
"There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned "
2,当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3,当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使用一般现在时.例如:
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注:在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时.
4,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词是表示命令,请求,要求,建议,劝告等的动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则.例如:
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者.
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)
1. 不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用.如:appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of.
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如:become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态.
2. 被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有表1 所列的几种时态形式.
表1
时间 一般时 进行时 完成时
现在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
将来 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
过去 should be asked should have been asked
将来 would be asked would have been asked
3. 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略.例如:
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4."get + -ed分词"的被动语态
"get + -ed分词"结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件.例如:
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外,"get + -ed分词"还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为.例如:
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get married(结婚)
5. 能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
(1) 能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来.例如:
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)
(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语.例如:
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)
6. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)
7. 少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思
例1:The book is selling remarkably well.
例2:The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有read(读起来),clean(擦起来),wash(洗起来),write(写起来).
例3:My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有:want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等.
例4:The meat is cooking.
例 5:The book written by the professor is printing.
English Grammar
定语从句
用来说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句.
一.词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词
句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句
代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主语 Who which that
主语 Whom which that
宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例1:This is the detective who came from London.
例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例3:The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
2.关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which.例如:
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which, who,或whom.例如:
(3) 非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略.例如:
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom,are well educated.
(4) which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念.在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似,并可以指人.例如:
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who)仅用于限制性定语从句中.
(6) which可作表语,既可指人,以可指物.指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征.品性或才能的人.Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的.
(7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who.
(8) 先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that.例如:
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom,不用 which.例如:
Is there anyone here who will go with you
3."介词+关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构
(1) "介词+关系代词"可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句."介词+关系代词"结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that .
(2) from where为"介词+关系副词"结构,但也可以引导定语从句.例如:
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开.例如:
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二.关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间.地点或原因.关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语,where 充当地点状语,why充当原因状语.
2. that可引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因
That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因,在 that引导的这种定语从句中,that也可以省去.
三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1.二者差异比较
限制定语从句紧跟先行词,同先行词这间一般不加逗号,仅修饰先行词,可以由关系代词.关系副词或that来引导.非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明,用逗号与主句隔开,既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导.
2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词,作主语.宾语或表语的可选用关系代词.
3. 先行词与定语从句隔离
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分,构成先行词与定语从句的隔离.例如:
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited
四.As在定语从句中的用法
1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
(1)as多与such 或the same连用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词.
(2)as 也可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句,作用相当于which.例如:
The elephant's nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
3)the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的.
2.As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面.中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后.例如:
(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
English Grammar
倒装
谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装.从倒装的形式来看,可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种.前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前,而后者仅是指助动词,情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语这前.
引起倒装的情况多种多样,倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种:
1.在疑问句中
例1:How are you getting along with your work
例2:Is this report written in detail
注:如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时,不发生倒装.
2.在there be 及其类似结构中
例1:There are forty students in our class.
例2:There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet.
例3:There stands a bridge across the river.
3.在表示祝愿的句子中
例1:Long live the People's Republic of China!
例2:May you succeed!
例3:Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.
4.在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中
这类句子中有were, had, should等词时,把were, had或should置于句首.
例1:Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
例2:Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.
5.在so, nor, neither或no more开头的句子中
此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况,也适用于另一句中的主语.例如:
1)This problem is not difficult and neither is that one.
2)Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil.
6.在以具有否定意义的副词,连词及词组开头的句子中
这些词和词组通常有:rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等.例如:
1)Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.
2)Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang.
3)Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
4)Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience.
7.在强调表语时
例1:Worst of all were the humiliations.
例2:Such is the case.
8.在强调宾语时
例1:Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.
例2:Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.
注:当前置宾语由"not a +名词"或者"not a single +名词"构成时,也会引起倒装.例如:
Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel.
9.在强调状语时
(1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词,谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装.例如:
1)Up went the plane.
2)In came the chairman and the meeting began.
注:如果主语是代词则不发生倒装.例如:
1)Out they rushed!
2)Lower and lower he bent.
(2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时,句子须倒装.例如:
1)Round the corner walked a large policeman.
2)Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
(3)当句首状语由"only +副词","only +介词词组","only +状语从句"构成时,句子须倒装.例如:
1)Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
2)Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
(4)当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时,句子须倒装,主语是代词时,句子不用倒装.例如:
1)Here is a ticket for you.
2)Now comes your turn.
3)Here he comes.
(5)以关联词so (…that)开头的句子中,句子须倒装.例如:
1)So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
2)So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.
3)So much does he worry about his financial position that he can't sleep at night.
注:在该结构中,"so +形容词"是表语的前置;"so +副词"是状语的前置.
10.在直接引语之后
在叙事性书面语中,直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语.在这些词语中,动词常的主语之前,主语是代词时,不用倒装.例如:
1)"What do you mean " asked Henry.
2)"What do you mean " he asked.
11. often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
例如:Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance.
12.在as, though引导的让步状语从句中
在as, though引导的让步状语从句中,一般将形容词,副词或名词等置于句首.例如:
1)Small as the atom is, we can smash it.
2)Big as the workpiece is, it is turned out with
English Grammar
情态动词
情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxil-iaries).英语中助动词主要有两类:一是基本助动词,如have, do, be;二是情态助动词,如may, must, need等.情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气.情态动词可表达建议,要求,可能和意愿等.情态动词没有人称和数的变化.在大学英语四,六级考试中,情态动词部分重点测试以下内容:
(1)情态动词+行为动词完成式
(2)情态动词+行为动词进行式
(3)情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
(4)某些情态动词的特殊用法
一,情态动词+行为动词完成式
情态动词+行为动词完成式即"情态动词+ have + v-ed分词",表示对过去行为或动作进行推测,评论或判断.
1. must have v-ed
must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事"一定"发生了.其否定形式为:can't / couldn't have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事.例如:
1)Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.
2)You couldn't have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.
2. could have v-ed
could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作"很可能"发生了.例如:
1)"The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it "
2)"Tom could have taken it. He was alone yesterday."
3.may / might have v-ed
may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事"也许"发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些.例如:
I can't find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
4. ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn't have v-ed
ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn't have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示"责备","不满",分别表示"本应该…"和"本不应该…".例如:
1)With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.
2)You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.
5. needn't have v-ed
needn't have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为"本没必要…".例如:
You needn't have waken me up; I don't have to go to work today.
注:表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小.例如:
"I wonder how Tom knew about your past."
"He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary."
二,情态动词+行为动词进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行.例如:
1)He must be playing basketball in the room.
2)She may be staying at home.
三,情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行.例如:
1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
四,某些情态动词的特殊用法
1. need
考试中主要测试 need 作情态动词与作实义动词的区别,对此,可参见表1.need 作情态动词时,后面跟不带to 的动词不定式,即 "need to".通常用在疑问句和否定句中,表示询问是否有"必要",其否定形式为needn't,表示"不必";疑问形式为 Need … do 极少用于肯定句.例如:
1)I don't think we need turn the light on at that time.
2)Need you ride a bike to school
情态动词need与实义动词need 在时态,肯定,否定结构上的对比见表1.
2. dare
考试中主要测试dare作情态动词和作实义动词的区别.
情态动词dare 与实义动词dare 在时态,肯定,否定,疑问结构上的对比见表2.
3. can 和 may
考试中主要测试can,may或could,might表示可能性的区别及对may构成的疑问句的回答.
时态 情态动词need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don't) need to do

时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn't need) to do
过 You needed (didn't need) to do

时 He needed (didn't need) to do
将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do

时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 时态 动词
情态动词dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 现在时 daren't/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现在时 Dare he do Do you/Does he dear (to) do
过去时 Dared he do Did he dare (to) do
(1)can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性;而may, might则表示事实上的可能性.此外,can还具有"有能力"的意思,而may与might则不具此意.例如:
1)According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.
2) Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong.
(2)May I / we … 这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly;否定回答为Please don't.或No, you mustn't. 例如:
"May we leave now " "No, you mustn't. You haven't finished your home work yet."
4. can 和 be able to
can 与 be able to 都可以表示能力,但两者在用法上有点差异:can (could)表示主观能力,不表示意愿,它的将来时用will be able to; be able to表示主观意愿,强调要克服困难去做某事.例如:
1)My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses.
2)He is able to give up his bad habits.
5. must 和 have to
must 和 have to 都可以表示"必须",但有几点区别:
(1)must 强调"内在的职责","义务",而have to 强调"外界压力","不得已而为之".
(2)have to可用于多种时态,而must一般用于现在时,其过去时与将来时分别由had to与shall / will have to代替.
(3)在回答must引起的问题时,如果是否定的答复,不能用mustn't,而要用needn't或don't have to,因为mustn't是"一定不要","一定不能"的意思.例如:
1)You must come to the classroom before eight.
2)It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now.
3)"Must we do it now " "No, you needn't."
6. used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
(1)used to +v意为"过去常常","过去一直";be used to +v-ing / n(名词)意为"习惯于";be used to +v意为"被用来(做某事)".
(2)used to只表示过去,而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在,过去或将来.例如:
1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn't.
2)He's quite used to hard work / working hard.
3)The knife is used to cut bread.
7.用作情态动词的其他短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词.例如:
1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3)I'd rather walk than take a bus.
4)If you don't like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注:这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句,that 常省去,从句要用虚拟语气.对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时.例如:
1)I would rather you came on Sunday.
2)I would sooner you hadn't asked me to speak yesterday.
English Grammar
名词性从句
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,其功同名词一样.
一.主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾.
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化.而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that.被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom.例如:
It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is +名词+从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) it is +形容词+从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) it is +不及物动词+从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
(4) it +过去分词+从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首.
(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前.例如:
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前.例如:
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesn't matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前.例如:
It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前.例如:
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening (right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely (wrong)
4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然.例如:
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
二.宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后.
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略),例如:
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句,例如:
1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句.例如:
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介词的宾语
例如:Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容词的宾语
例如:I am afraid (that) I've made a mistake.
That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:
Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等.也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句.
4. It 可以作为形式宾语
It 不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中. 例如:
We heard it that she would get married next month..
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等.这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句.例如:
I admire their winning the match. (right)
I admire that they won the match. (wrong)
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于"动词+间接宾语+that从句"结构中,常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等.例如:
He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式.例如:
I don't think this dress fits you well.(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿.)
三.表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是"主语+连系动词+表语从句".可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等.引导表语从句的that常可省略.另外,常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构.例如:
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can't get the support of the people
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四.同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句.
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:
1) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开.例如:
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分.
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明.例如:
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国.)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的.)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)
English Grammar
平行结构
一,连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构
并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but (also), rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构.
1.所连接的谓语形式必须一致
例1:He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.
例2:Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.
2.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致
例1:Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.
例2:We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.
例3:I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.
3.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致
例1:Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.
例2:He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.
4.所连接的句子结构必须一致
例1:She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.
例2:The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.
二,某些特定的固定结构.例如:
(1)有些词后要用平行结构.例如:
prefer sth to sth
prefer doing sth to doing sth
prefer to do sth rather than do sth
1) I prefer rice to noodles.
2)I prefer watching TV to listening to music.
3) He preferred to die rather than surrender.
(2)有些结构中要用平行结构.例如:
would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (宁可……也不……)
1) Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up.
2) I would as soon stay at home as go.
III 部分强调句
要强调句子的某一部分,可以把句子的结构改变一下,通常有两种表示强调的句式:It is / was … that …结构和What … is / was…结构.
一,It is / was … that … 结构
1.It is / was … that … 结构可以用来强调句子中几乎任何部分
例1:It was my mother that threw an egg at Mr. Li yesterday.
例2:It was Mr. Li that my mother threw an egg at yesterday.
2.被强调的部分指人时,可用who枵whom
强调主语时,如果指的是人, 可以不用that而用who来代替.强调宾语时,如果指点的是人,可用whom.例如:
1)It was the dean who walked by.
2)It was Mary whom the old lady missed most.
3被强调部分指物时,要用that
例如:It was an egg that my mother threw at Mr. Li yesterday.
4.被强调部分是状语时,也只能用that,不能用when或where.
例1:It is during his spare time that John has been studying a course in French.
例2:It was in the hall that the mayor held the press conference.
5.不能用It is / was … that 结构强调动词
强调动词常用do,过去式用did.例如:
1) They did study very hard yesterday.
2) He does look forward to making the acquaintance of her.
What … is / was … 结构
二,What … is / was … 结构常用来强调主语或宾语,在这种结构中,is/ was后面是强调的部分.例如:
1)What hurts is my left leg.
2)What I like is her style.
English Grammar
替代
替代是一种避免重复的连接上下文的手段.在英语中主要有三种替代现象:名词性替代,动词性替代和分句性替代;同理,替代词也分为名词替代词,动词替代词和分句替代词.此外还有状语的替代.
一,名词性替代
用名词性替代词one (s), the same, the kind, the sort等所表示的替代现象叫做名词性替代.
1.名词性替代词
例1:The child doesn't like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one = book)
例2:His novel is a bad one for children. (one = novel)
2.某些不定代词
在名词性替代中还可以用一些不定代词来替代.如all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the ) most, (a) few, another, the other, others, either等.例如:
I don't want any more food. I've had enough.
3. one 和 ones是最常见的替代词
one的复数形式是ones.one 和ones作为替代词只能用以替代可数名词, 不可用来替代不可数名词.例如:
1)The grey horse is stronger than the black one.
2)The new design is much better than the old ones.
4.名词性物主代词mine,yours
名词性物主代词mine, yours等可用来代替my +名词,your +名词等,例如:
"Whose is that coat " "It's mine."
二,动词性替代
用动词替代词do,do so等所表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代.
1.谓语的替代形式
do是谓语的替代形式,有时态和人称的变化.例如:
1)Some people like a shower after they have played tennis. Peter does, for example.
2)John speaks German as fluently as Mary does.
2.由do,so等组成的复合替代形式
(1)"so +助动词+主语".例如:
"Mary will enter the university in September." "So will Joan."
(2)"so +主语+助动词".例如:
"I've been to Beijing." "So you have."
注:这种结构中第二句的主语与第一句的主语是同一个人,否则应像"so +助动词+主语"的结构一样,主谓要倒装.
(3)"主语+(助动词+)do + so".例如:
"Have you sent your plan to the committee "
"I did so yesterday."
(4)"主语+(助动词+)do + that".例如:
"Do you know who broke the television set "
"I heard John did that."
(5)"主语+(助动词+)do + it".例如:
"My brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the President." "I did it last week."
注:如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示相同的看法时,则用"neither / nor +do +主语".此时,do 不是动词替代词,而是助动词.例如:
Mary didn't like English, neither did her brother.
3.to代替整个动词不定式
当某个动词不定式词组在句子中再次出现时,我们可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个动词不定式词组.例如:
1)I went there because I wanted to. (=…because I wanted to go there.)
2)Perhaps I'll go to Brazil this summer; I'd very much like to.
3)"Are you and Gillian getting married " "We hope to."
4)I think he should get a job, but you can't force him to if he's not ready (to).
5)I don't dance much now, but I used to a lot.
6)We'll never leave home; he hasn't got the courage (to).
注1:有时to可省略(尤其是在形容词和名词之后,见例4,6).在某些动词(如try)之后也可省略to.例如:
"Can you start the car " "Ok, I'll try."
注2:在want和would like之后,通常不能省略to.然而,当want或like 用于从句时(例如,在when, if, what, as之后),to常常省略.例如:
1)Come when you want.
2)I've decided to do what I like.
3)Come and stay as long as you like.
三,分句性替代
用分句替代词so或not替代整个分句的现象叫做分句性替代.例如:
Many people believe that there will be another world war before the end of the century. My father think so, but I believe not.
1.分句替代词so或not可替代that从句
so可用来替代肯定的that从句,not替代否定的that从句,它们常与I'm afraid, believe, expect, fear, guess, hope, suppose, think等词语搭配.例如:
1)"Have we got enough money " "I think so."
2)"We're not going to be in time." "No, I suppose not."
2. so与not可用来代替if 后面的从句
例1:Are you free this evening If so, come and have a drink with us.
例2:Are you busy this afternoon If not, I wish you would stay with me for a while.
3.用it, this, that, such作为替代词
例1:If you don't work hard, you'll regret it. (regret it = regret not working hard)
例2:He was very tired. This explains why he went to bed early.
例3:You're trying to cut with the back of the knife; that's a silly thing to do.
例4:I may hurt your feelings, but such (= that) was certainly not my intention.
四,状语的替代
1.时间状语的替代形式主要用副词then
例如:We saw John at eight on Monday evening. We told him then that we could be coming to the party.
2.地点状语的替代形式主要用副词here和there
例如:Mary is in London and John is there too.
It和that有时也可以用作地点状语的替代形式,这种场合的it和that在句中作主语,并可同there交换使用,谓语动词是联系动词.
例如:They sat right in front of the stage. That / it / There was where the noise was greatest.
3.方式状语的替代形式用in that way和like that
例如:"She plays the piano with great concentration and with great energy." "I'm afraid she doesn't study like that."
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